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It’s all about the money? A qualitative study of healthcare worker motivation in urban China
Background
China’s healthcare reform programme continues to receive much attention. Central to these discussions has been how the various financial incentives underpinning reform efforts are negatively impacting on the healthcare workforce. Research continues to document these trends, however, qualitative analysis of how these incentives impact on the motivation of healthcare workers remains underdeveloped. Furthermore, the application of motivational theories to make sense of healthcare worker experiences has yet to be undertaken.
Methods
The purpose of our paper is to present a comparative case study account of healthcare worker motivation across urban China. It draws on semi structured interviews (n = 89) with a range of staff and organisations across three provinces. In doing so, the paper analyses how healthcare worker motivation is influenced by a variety of financial incentives; how motivation is influenced by the opportunities for career development; and how motivation is influenced by the day to day pressures of meeting patient expectations.
Results
The experience of healthcare workers in China highlights how a reliance on financial incentives has challenged their ability to maintain the values and ethos of public service. Our findings suggest greater attention needs to be paid to the motivating factors of improved income and career development. Further work is also needed to nurture and develop the motivation of healthcare workers through the building of trust between fellow workers, patients, and the public.
Conclusions
Through the analysis of healthcare worker motivation, our paper presents a number of ways China can improve its current healthcare reform efforts. It draws on the experience of other countries in calling for policy makers to support alternative approaches to healthcare reform that build on multiple channels of motivation to support healthcare workers
E2F1/TS Immunophenotype and Survival of Patients with Colorectal Cancer Treated with 5FU-Based Adjuvant Therapy
A path analysis study of factors influencing hospital staff perceptions of quality of care factors associated with patient satisfaction and patient experience
Breast tumor copy number aberration phenotypes and genomic instability
BACKGROUND: Genomic DNA copy number aberrations are frequent in solid tumors, although the underlying causes of chromosomal instability in tumors remain obscure. Genes likely to have genomic instability phenotypes when mutated (e.g. those involved in mitosis, replication, repair, and telomeres) are rarely mutated in chromosomally unstable sporadic tumors, even though such mutations are associated with some heritable cancer prone syndromes. METHODS: We applied array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to the analysis of breast tumors. The variation in the levels of genomic instability amongst tumors prompted us to investigate whether alterations in processes/genes involved in maintenance and/or manipulation of the genome were associated with particular types of genomic instability. RESULTS: We discriminated three breast tumor subtypes based on genomic DNA copy number alterations. The subtypes varied with respect to level of genomic instability. We find that shorter telomeres and altered telomere related gene expression are associated with amplification, implicating telomere attrition as a promoter of this type of aberration in breast cancer. On the other hand, the numbers of chromosomal alterations, particularly low level changes, are associated with altered expression of genes in other functional classes (mitosis, cell cycle, DNA replication and repair). Further, although loss of function instability phenotypes have been demonstrated for many of the genes in model systems, we observed enhanced expression of most genes in tumors, indicating that over expression, rather than deficiency underlies instability. CONCLUSION: Many of the genes associated with higher frequency of copy number aberrations are direct targets of E2F, supporting the hypothesis that deregulation of the Rb pathway is a major contributor to chromosomal instability in breast tumors. These observations are consistent with failure to find mutations in sporadic tumors in genes that have roles in maintenance or manipulation of the genome
E-Tourism Developments in Greece: Information Communication Technologies Adoption for the Strategic Management of the Greek Tourism Industry
Efficiency Of Foreign Exchange Markets: A Developing Country Perspective
This study tests weak and semi-strong form efficiency of the foreign exchange market in
Sri Lanka during the recent float using six bilateral exchange rates. Weak-form efficiency
is examined using unit root tests while semi-strong form efficiency is tested using cointegration, Granger causality tests and variance decomposition analysis. Results
indicate that the Sri Lankan foreign exchange market is consistent with the weak-form of
the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). However, the results provide evidence against the
semi-strong version of the EMH. These results have important implications for
government policy makers and participants in the foreign exchange market of Sri Lank
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is possibly involved in laryngeal but not in lung carcinogenesis
Data on human papilloma virus (HPV) involvement in preneoplastic and
neoplastic lesions of the larynx and lung are limited and conflicting.
The presence of HPV was investigated in a series of laryngeal specimens
and non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). The laryngeal samples (154)
comprised 14 cases with hyperplasia without dysplasia, 49 with
dysplasia, and 91 squamous cell carcinomas (SqCCs). The NSCLCs included
31 SqCCs, 32 adenocarcinomas, and 5 undifferentiated large cell
carcinomas. Furthermore, we examined, for HPV DNA sequences, 14
bronchial metaplastic squamous lesions located next to cancerous areas.
We used a sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction assay (NPCR), dot
blotting, and in situ hybridization. The findings were correlated with
clinicopathologic features of the patients. In the laryngeal specimens,
NPCR analysis showed HPV DNA in 20 (13%) of the 154 specimens. Notably,
19 of 20 HPV-positive cases were carcinomas and only one was a mild
dysplastic lesion. Typing of the carcinomas showed single HPV 6, 16, 18,
and 33 infection in 1 (1.1%), 12 (13.2%), 2 (2.2%), and 1 (1.1%)
samples, respectively, and HPV 6/33, 16/33, and 6/18 coinfection in
three carcinomas. In situ hybridization findings were in agreement with
PCR results, with the exception of two cases in which HPV 18 DNA was
detected only by PCR. HPV was more frequently observed in heavy smokers
than in patients with low daily cigarette consumption and nonsmokers (P
= .03). There was no correlation between virus infection and gender
grade, and lymph node status of the carcinomas. None of the NSCLCs or
adjacent metaplastic squamous epithelium contained HPV DNA sequences.
The presented data suggest a contributory role of HPV in late stages of
laryngeal carcinogenesis, because all premalignant lesions were negative
but one. This study does not support a potential role of HPV in the
development of NSCLCs. HUM PATHOL 30:274-283. Copyright (C) 1999 by W.B.
Saunders Company
Proliferation, but not apoptosis, is associated with distinct beta-catenin expression patterns in non-small-cell lung carcinomas - Relationship with adenomatous polyposis coli and G(1)- to S-phase cell-cycle regulators
beta-catenin (beta-cat) is a versatile component of homotypic cell
adhesion and signaling. Its subcellular localization and cytoplasmic
levels are tightly regulated by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
protein. Mutations in beta-cat (exon 3) or APC (MCR) result in beta-cat
aberrant overexpression that is associated with its nuclear accumulation
and improper gene activation. Data from experimental models have shown
that beta-cat overexpression has a multitude of effects on cell-cycle
behavior. In many of these aspects its function depends on major G(1)
phase regulators. To the best of our knowledge, most of these issues
have never been addressed concurrently in tumors. For this reason we
investigated in a panel of 92 non-small-cell lung carcinomas, beta-cat
and APC expression, and their relationship with cell-cycle kinetics (PI
and AI) and ploidy status. Moreover, the above correlations were
examined in relation to the main G(1)/S-phase checkpoint regulators.
Four beta-cat immunohistochemical expression patterns [membranous
(11.1%), membranous-cytoplasmic (54-3%), cytoplasmic (9.9%),
cytoplasmic-nuclear (24.7%)] and three APC immunohistochemical
expression patterns [cytoplasmic (37.7%), cytoplasmic-nuclear (58%),
nuclear (4.3%)] were observed, which were further confirmed by Western
blot analysis on subcellular fractions in representative samples. The
frequent presence of beta-cat in die cytoplasm is an indication of
aberrant expression, whereas membranous and nuclear localization were
inversely related. Absence of mutations in beta-cat (exon 3) and APC
(MCR) suggest that beta-cat destruction mechanisms may be functional.
However, expression analysis revealed attenuated levels for APC,
indicating a residual ability to degrade beta-cat. Decreased levels were
associated with loss of heterozygosity at the APC region in 24% of the
cases suggesting that additional silencing mechanisms may be involved.
Interestingly, the 90-kd APC isoform associated with apoptosis, was
found to be the predominant isoform in normal and cancerous lung
tissues. The most important finding in our study, was the correlation of
nuclear beta-cat immunohistochemical localization with increased
proliferation, overexpression of E2F1 and MDM2, aberrant P53, and low
expression of p27(KIP), providing for the first time in vivo evidence
that beta-cat-associated proliferation correlates with release of E2F1
activity and loss of P53- and p27(KIP)-dependent cell-cycle checkpoints.
Loss of these checkpoints is accompanied by low levels of APC, which
possibly reflects a diminished ability to degrade beta-cat. Taken
together our data indicate that cases with nuclear beta-cat
immunohistochemical expression represent a subset of non-small-cell lung
carcinomas that have gained an increased proliferation advantage in
contrast to the other beta-cat immunohistochemical expression profiles
THE ROLE OF SRC KINASE IN INSPIRATORY RESISTIVE BREATHING-INDUCED PULMONARY INFLAMMATION
Absence of mutations in the functional domains of the human MDM2 oncogene in non-small cell lung carcinomas
Increasing evidence suggests that MDM2 oncoprotein participates in a complex array of interactions with a plethora of molecules, including cell-cycle and transcriptional regulators, as well as determinants of the cell differentiation and senescence. The tumorigenic potential of MDM2 is mainly determined by overexpression due to gene amplification, mRNA overexpression and possibly translational enhancement. Although artificially created mutations have been demonstrated to abolish normal MDM2 function, there is little information concerning its mutational status in human tissues. In this study, we screened all the functional domains of MDM2 for mutations in a series of 58 non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs), but none was found. Therefore, we report that MDM2 mutations are an extremely rare phenomenon of non-small cell lung carcinogenesis. A putative explanation for this observation may be the labyrinth of interactions necessary for cell viability, in which MDM2 takes part, a finding also supported by its stringent interspecies conservation. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V
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