12 research outputs found
City Blueprints: Baseline Assessments of Sustainable Water Management in 11 Cities of the Future
The necessity of Urban Water Cycle Services (UWCS) adapting to future stresses
calls for changes that take sustainability into account. Megatrends (e.g. population growth,
water scarcity, pollution and climate change) pose urgent water challenges in cities. In a
previous paper, a set of indicators, i.e., the City Blueprint has been developed to assess the
sustainability ofUWCS (Van Leeuwen et al.,Wat Resour Manage 26:2177¿2197, 2012). In this
paper this approach has been applied in 9 cities and regions in Europe (Amsterdam, Algarve,
Athens, Bucharest, Hamburg, Reggio Emilia, Rotterdam, Oslo and Cities of Scotland) and in 2
African cities in Angola (Kilamba Kiaxi) and Tanzania (Dar es Salaam). The assessments
showed that cities vary considerably with regard to the sustainability of theUWCS. This is also
captured in the Blue City Index (BCI), the arithmetic mean of 24 indicators comprising the City
Blueprint (Van Leeuwen et al., Wat Resour Manage 26:2177¿2197, 2012). Theoretically, the
BCI has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 10. The actual BCIs in the 11 cities
studied varied from 3.31 (Kilamba Kiaxi) to 7.72 (Hamburg). The BCI was positively
correlated with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per person, the ambitions of the local
authorities regarding the sustainability of the UWCS, the voluntary participation index (VPI)
and all governance indicators according to the World Bank. The study demonstrated that the
variability in sustainability among the UWCS of cities offers great opportunities for short-term
and long-term improvements, provided that cities share their best practices.Van Leeuwen, CJ. (2013). City Blueprints: Baseline Assessments of Sustainable Water Management in 11 Cities of the Future. Water resources management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0462-5Bai X (2007) Industrial ecology and the global impacts of cities. J Industr Ecol 11:1–6Brown RR, Keath N, Wong THF (2009) Urban water management in cities: Historical, current and future regimes. Water Sci Technol 59:847–855De Graaf R, van de Giessen N, van de Ven F (2007a) Alternative water management options to reduce vulnerability for climate change in the Netherlands. Nat Hazards 5:407–422De Graaf RE, van de Giessen NC, van de Ven FHM (2007b) The closed city as a strategy to reduce vulnerability of urban areas for climate change. Water Sci Technol 56:165–173EEA (2010) European Environment Agency. The European environment. State and outlook 2010. Synthesis. Copenhagen, DenmarkEEA (2012) European Environment Agency. 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Springer, Dordrecht, 2nd edn, pp. 1–36Van Leeuwen CJ, Frijns J, Van Wezel A, Van De Ven FHM (2012) City blueprints: 24 indicators to assess the sustainability of the urban water cycle. Wat Resour Manage 26:2177–2197Van Leeuwen CJ, Chandy PC (2013) The city blueprint: Experiences with the implementation of 24 indicators to assess the sustainability of the urban water cycle. Water Sci Technol 13(3):769–781Van Leeuwen K, Marques RC (2013) Current state of sustainability of urban water cycle services. Transition to the Urban Water Services of tomorrow (TRUST) report D11.1. http://www.trust-i.net/downloads/index.php?iddesc=682030 Water Resources Group (2009) Charting our water future. Economic framework to inform decisionmaking. West Perth, USA. http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf . Accessed 20 February 2011World Bank (2013) Worldwide Governance Indicators. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp . 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Evaluation of rehabilitation impact on hydraulic and environmental performance of sewer systems
Evaluation of rehabilitation impact on hydraulic and environmental performance of sewer systems (WP3 CARE-S Project)
Thermodynamics of the thallium alkanoates. IX. Thermodynamics of thallium(I) n-octanoate from temperatures of 6 to 490 K
The heat capacity of thallium(I) n-octanoate has been measured from 5 to 350 K by equilibrium adiabatic calorimetry and, taken together with DSC data determined earlier by a subset of the present authors, represents the thermodynamic behaviour in the liquid phase at about 500 K. Transitions occur at 269.8, 290.0, and 293.5 K, melting at 411 K, and clearing at 495 K. Except for a small ΔtrsS°m, the lowest temperature (269.2 K) phase transition (crystal IV/crystal III) has ΔtrsS° = 0.62 R, the higher temperature transitions (approx. 293.5 and 290 K) have ΔtrsS°m values for III/II/I of 3.97 R ((approximate partial resolution) III II ≅ 1.7 R and II I = 2.25 R), for crystal I mesophase (411 K) of 1.66 R, and for mesophase/isotropic liquid (495 K) of 0.73 R. © 1995.Peer Reviewe