The effect of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of PLLA tubular specimens

Conventional permanent stent systems for vascular applications are associated with long-term risks, such as restenosis and thrombosis. To overcome these limitations, novel approaches using various biodegradable materials for stent construction have been investigated. In this context, thermal treatment of polymer materials is investigated to adjust the mechanical properties of biodegradable stents. In this work polymeric tubular specimens of biodegradable poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) were extruded and subjected to a molding process using different temperatures above glass transition temperature TG. Physicochemical properties of the molded samples were analyzed using DSC measurements and uniaxial tensile tests. The molding process resulted in a weakening of the PLLA tubular specimens with a simultaneous increase in the degree of crystallinity (χ)

Measured removal rates of chrysotile asbestos fibers from air and comparison with theoretical estimates based on gravitational settling and dilution ventilation

<p><i>Context</i>: Industrial hygiene assessments often focus on activity-based airborne asbestos concentration measurements, but few empirical data exist regarding the fiber removal rate from air after activities cease.</p> <p><i>Objective</i>: Grade 7T chrysotile indoor fiber settling (FS) rates were characterized using air sampling (NIOSH Method 7402).</p> <p><i>Materials and methods</i>: Six replicate events were conducted in a 58 m³ study chamber (ventilation 3.5 ACH), in which chrysotile-contaminated work clothing was manipulated for 15 min followed by 30 min of no activity. The fiber concentration decay constant and removal rate were characterized using an exponential decay model based on the measurements.</p> <p><i>Results</i>: Breathing zone airborne chrysotile concentrations decreased by 86% within 15–30 min after fiber disturbance, compared to concentrations during active disturbance (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Estimated mean time required for 99% of the phase contrast microscopy-equivalent (PCME) fibers to be removed from air was approximately 30 min (95% CI: 22–57 min). The observed effective FS velocity was 0.0034 m/s. This settling velocity was between 4.5-fold and 180-fold faster than predicted by two different particulate gravitational settling models. Additionally, PCME concentrations decreased approximately 2.5-fold faster than predicted due to air exchange alone (32 versus 79 min to 99% decrease in concentration).</p> <p><i>Discussion</i>: Other measurement studies have reported similar airborne fiber removal rates, supporting the finding that factors other than gravitational settling and dilution ventilation contribute measurably to PCM fiber removal from air (e.g. impaction, agglomeration).</p> <p><i>Conclusion</i>: Overall, the scientific weight of evidence indicates that the time necessary for removal of 99% of fibers greater than 5 μm in length (with aspect ratios greater than 3:1) is approximately 20–80 min.</p