A cellular iterative and asynchronous motion algorithm

The growth of visual communication involves needs for image compression that are more and more important . It seems that futu r coders will be based on the structural and semantic relevance of the image contents into play, instead of classical information - theoretic waveform coding . In this work we apply theoretic concept of Markov modelisation and mean field annealing to the motion analysis problem . Ou r aim is to obtain a motion estimation algorithm highly parallelisable and dedicated, first, to error prediction minimization an d second, to motion analysis problem . We obtain a cellular and iterative algorithm . Such an algorithm can be implemented on array processors with locally mesh connections. The second part of this work is based on asynchronous iteration . This iteration mode is very suitable for architectural problem . We will see that the convergence of the algorithm in this iteration mode is verified . This part is an illustration of benefits of algorithm s and architectures interactions .La communication visuelle est en pleine expansion, l'avènement du multimédia et ses besoins en images dynamisent fortement la recherche dans les domaines du codage et de la compression d'images. Il semble que les codeurs futurs seront basés sur des techniques de codage par modèles. Il s'agit à ce niveau essentiellement d'analyse et de synthèse d'images. Cependant toute analyse d'images dépend de primitives utilisant les caractéristiques obtenues par des traitements d'images dits de « bas-niveau » (ou niveau pixel), en particulier l'estimation de mouvement est une primitive de traitement bas-niveau extrèmement importante dans le domaine du codage d'images. Une première partie de cet article est consacrée à l'étude d'un algorithme cellulaire et itératif d'estimation de mouvement, algorithme développé à partir d'une modélisation markovienne du champs de vecteurs mouvement et d'une méthode de relaxation déterministe. Nous montrons qu'il est possible d'obtenir un champ de vecteurs mouvement apportant un très bon compromis entre la minimisation de l'erreur de prédiction et la cohérence du champ de vecteurs (critères à prendre en compte pour respectivement la réduction de l'information temporelle dans les codeurs classiques, ou l'analyse de scène dans les nouveaux codeurs). La seconde partie décrit l'étude de cet algorithme d'estimation de mouvement dans un mode de fonctionnement peu ordinaire qui est l'asynchronisme. Ce mode peut être particulièrement intéressant si on vise une implémentation massivement parallèle d'un tel algorithme. L'asynchronisme possède des atouts architecturaux irréfutables et, nous le verrons, des atouts fonctionnels intéressants, montrant ainsi que l'étroite adéquation algorithmes-architectures est très importante et souvent bénéfique

Interferometric Observatories in Earth Orbit

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76217/1/AIAA-1728-623.pd

Limits on Stellar and Planetary Companions in Microlensing Event OGLE-1998-BUL-14

We present the PLANET photometric data set for \ob14, a high magnification ($A_{\rm max}\sim 16$) event alerted by the OGLE collaboration toward the Galactic bulge in 1998. The PLANET data set consists a total of 461 I-band and 139 $V-$band points, the majority of which was taken over a three month period. The median sampling interval during this period is about 1 hour, and the $1\sigma$ scatter over the peak of the event is 1.5%. The excellent data quality and high maximum magnification of this event make it a prime candidate to search for the short duration, low amplitude perturbations that are signatures of a planetary companion orbiting the primary lens. The observed light curve for \ob14 is consistent with a single lens (no companion) within photometric uncertainties. We calculate the detection efficiency of the light curve to lensing companions as a function of the mass ratio and angular separation of the two components. We find that companions of mass ratio $\ge 0.01$ are ruled out at the 95% confidence level for projected separations between 0.4-2.4 \re, where \re is the Einstein ring radius of the primary lens. Assuming that the primary is a G-dwarf with \re\sim3 {\rm AU} our detection efficiency for this event is $\sim 60$ for a companion with the mass and separation of Jupiter and $\sim5$ for a companion with the mass and separation of Saturn. Our efficiencies for planets like those around Upsilon And and 14 Her are > 75%.Comment: Data available at http://www.astro.rug.nl/~planet/planetpapers.html 20 pages, 10 figures. Minor changes. ApJ, accepte

A Complete Set of Solutions For Caustic-Crossing Binary Microlensing Events

We present a method to analyze binary-lens microlensing light curves with one well-sampled fold caustic crossing. In general, the surface of chi^2 shows extremely complicated behavior over the 9-parameter space that characterizes binary lenses. This makes it difficult to systematically search the space and verify that a given local minimum is a global minimum. We show that for events with well-monitored caustics, the caustic-crossing region can be isolated from the rest of the light curve and easily fit to a 5-parameter function. Four of these caustic-crossing parameters can then be used to constrain the search in the larger 9-parameter space. This allows a systematic search for all solutions and thus identification of all local minima. We illustrate this technique using the PLANET data for MACHO 98-SMC-1, an excellent and publicly available caustic-crossing data set. We show that a very broad range of parameter combinations are compatible with the PLANET data set, demonstrating that observations of binary-lens lightcurves with sampling of only one caustic crossing do not yield unique solutions. The corollary to this is that the time of the second caustic crossing cannot be reliably predicted on the basis of early data including the first caustic crossing alone. We investigate the requirements for determination of a unique solution and find that occasional observations of the first caustic crossing may be sufficient to derive a complete solution.Comment: 31 pages + 8 figures + 2 table

OGLE-2005-BLG-153: Microlensing Discovery and Characterization of A Very Low Mass Binary

The mass function and statistics of binaries provide important diagnostics of the star formation process. Despite this importance, the mass function at low masses remains poorly known due to observational difficulties caused by the faintness of the objects. Here we report the microlensing discovery and characterization of a binary lens composed of very low-mass stars just above the hydrogen-burning limit. From the combined measurements of the Einstein radius and microlens parallax, we measure the masses of the binary components of $0.10\pm 0.01\ M_\odot$ and $0.09\pm 0.01\ M_\odot$. This discovery demonstrates that microlensing will provide a method to measure the mass function of all Galactic populations of very low mass binaries that is independent of the biases caused by the luminosity of the population.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

OGLE-2005-BLG-071Lb, the Most Massive M-Dwarf Planetary Companion?

We combine all available information to constrain the nature of OGLE-2005-BLG-071Lb, the second planet discovered by microlensing and the first in a high-magnification event. These include photometric and astrometric measurements from Hubble Space Telescope, as well as constraints from higher order effects extracted from the ground-based light curve, such as microlens parallax, planetary orbital motion and finite-source effects. Our primary analysis leads to the conclusion that the host of Jovian planet OGLE-2005-BLG-071Lb is an M dwarf in the foreground disk with mass M= 0.46 +/- 0.04 Msun, distance D_l = 3.3 +/- 0.4 kpc, and thick-disk kinematics v_LSR ~ 103 km/s. From the best-fit model, the planet has mass M_p = 3.8 +/- 0.4 M_Jup, lies at a projected separation r_perp = 3.6 +/- 0.2 AU from its host and so has an equilibrium temperature of T ~ 55 K, i.e., similar to Neptune. A degenerate model less favored by \Delta\chi^2 = 2.1 (or 2.2, depending on the sign of the impact parameter) gives similar planetary mass M_p = 3.4 +/- 0.4 M_Jup with a smaller projected separation, r_\perp = 2.1 +/- 0.1 AU, and higher equilibrium temperature T ~ 71 K. These results from the primary analysis suggest that OGLE-2005-BLG-071Lb is likely to be the most massive planet yet discovered that is hosted by an M dwarf. However, the formation of such high-mass planetary companions in the outer regions of M-dwarf planetary systems is predicted to be unlikely within the core-accretion scenario. There are a number of caveats to this primary analysis, which assumes (based on real but limited evidence) that the unlensed light coincident with the source is actually due to the lens, that is, the planetary host. However, these caveats could mostly be resolved by a single astrometric measurement a few years after the event.Comment: 51 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables, Published in Ap

H-alpha Equivalent Width Variations across the Face of a Microlensed K Giant in the Galactic Bulge

We present VLT FORS1 spectroscopy that temporally resolves the second caustic crossing of the Bulge K giant source of microlensing event EROS 2000-BLG-5, the first time this has been accomplished for several phases of a caustic transit. The ~1 angstrom H-alpha equivalent width of the source star increases slightly as the center of the star egresses the caustic and then plummets by 30% during the final limb crossing. These changes are not seen in contemporaneous spectra of control stars in the FORS1 slit, but are qualitatively consistent with expectations from stellar atmosphere models as the caustic differentially magnifies different portions of the stellar face of the target. Observations such as these in a variety of stellar lines are equivalent to atmospheric tomography and are expected to provide a direct test of stellar models.Comment: 15 pages, including 1 table and 4 figures. As accepted by ApJ Letters, vol 55