Geochemistry of K/T boundaries in India and contributions of Deccan volcanism

Three possible Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary sections in the Indian subcontinent were studied for their geochemical and fossil characteristics. These include two marine sections of Meghalaya and Zanskar and one continental section of Nagpur. The Um Sohryngkew river section of Meghalaya shows a high iridium, osmium, iron, cobalt, nickel and chromium concentration in a 1.5 cm thick limonitic layer about 30 cm below the planktonic Cretaceous-Palaeocene boundary identified by the characteristic fossils. The Bottaccione and Contessa sections at Gubbio were also analyzed for these elements. The geochemical pattern at the boundary at the Um Sohryngkew river and Gubbio sections are similar but the peak concentrations and the enrichment factors are different. The biological boundary is not as sharp as the geochemical boundary and the extinction appears to be a prolonged process. The Zanskar section shows, in general, similar concentration of the siderophile, lithophile and rare earth elements but no evidence of enrichment of siderophiles has so far been observed. The Takli section is a shallow inter-trappean deposit within the Deccan province, sandwiched between flow 1 and flow 2. The geochemical stratigraphy of the inter-trappeans is presented. The various horizons of ash, clay and marl show concentration of Fe and Co, generally lower than the adjacent basalts. Two horizons of slight enrichment of iridium are found within the ash layers, one near the contact of flow 1 and other near the contact of flow 2, where iridium occurs at 170 and 260 pg/g. These levels are lower by a factor of 30 compared to Ir concentration in the K/T boundary in Meghalaya section. If the enhanced level of some elements in a few horizons of the ash layer are considered as volcanic contribution by some fractionation processes than the only elements for which it occurs are REE, Ir and possibly Cr

Realization of Resistorless Wave Active Filter using Differential Voltage Current Controlled Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier

In this paper, a resistorless realization of high order voltage mode wave active filter based on Differential Voltage current controlled conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCCTA) is presented. The wave method is used for simulating reflected and incident wave for basic building block i.e. series inductor and configuring it for other passive element realization by making appropriate connection. The proposed structure uses grounded capacitors and possesses electronic tunability of cutoff frequency. The proposed approach is verified for a 4th order low pass filter through SPICE simulation using 0.25µm TSMC CMOS technology parameters

On Semi - Symmetric Projective Connection

In this paper we consider a new connection called Semi-Symmetric Projective Connection. The covariant differentiation with respect to this connection is defined and the commutation formulae for directional differentiation, Berwald covariant differentiation and semi-symmetric projective covariant differentiation have been obtained. Relations between the curvature tensors and torsion tensors arising from Berwald connection  and semi-symmetric projective  connection have also been obtained. Bianchi identities have also been derived

On a perfect fluid Kahler spacetime

The object of the present paper is to study a perfect fluid K¨ahlerspacetime. A perfect fluid K¨ahler spacetime satisfying the Einstein field equation with a cosmological term has been studied and the existence of killingand conformal killing vectors have been discussed. Certain results related to sectional curvature for pseudo projectively flat perfect fluid K¨ahler spacetime have been obtained. Dust model for perfect fluid K¨ahler spacetime has also been studied

Converging Cylindrical Shock Waves in a Nonideal Gas With an Axial Magnetic Field

This paper analyses the propagation of converging cylindrical shock waves in a nonidealgas, in the presence of an axial magnetic field. Chester-Chisnell-Whitham’s method has beenemployed to determine the shock velocity and the other flow-variables just behind the shockin the cases, when (i) the gas is weakly ionised before and behind the shock front, (ii) the gasis strongly ionised before and behind the shock front, and (iii) nonionised gas undergoes intenseionisation as a result of the passage of the shock. The effects of the nonidealness of the gas,the conductivity of the gas, and the axial magnetic field have been investigated. It is found thatin the case (i), an increase in the value of parameter ( ) characterising the nonidealness of thegas accelerates the convergence of the shock. In the case (ii), the shock speed and pressurebehind the shock increase very fast as the axis is approached; and this increase occurs earlierif the strength of the initial magnetic field is increased. In the case (iii), for smaller values of theinitial magnetic field, the shock speed, and pressure behind the shock decrease very fast afterattaining a maximum; and for higher values of the initial magnetic field, the tendency of decreaseappears from the beginning. This shows that the magnetic field has damping effect on the shockpropagation. In the case (iii), it was also found that the growth of the shock in the initial phaseand decay in the last phase were faster when it was converging in a nonideal gas in comparisonwith that in a perfect gas. Further, it has been shown that the gas-ionising nature of the shockhas damping effect on its convergence

Longitudinal study of the ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storm of 15 May 2005 and manifestation of TADs

Response of low latitude ionosphere to the geomagnetic storm of 15 May 2005 has been studied using total electron content (TEC) data, obtained from three GPS stations namely, Yibal, Udaipur and Kunming situated near the northern crest of equatorial ionization anomaly at different longitudes. Solar wind parameters, north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF <I>B</I>_z) and AE index data have been used to infer the strength of the geomagnetic storm. A large value of eastward interplanetary electric field at 06:15 UT, during the time of maximum southward IMF <I>B</I>_z has been used to infer the transmission of an eastward prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) which resulted in a peak in TEC at 07:45 UT due to the local uplift of plasma in the low latitudes near the anomaly crest over a wide range of longitudes. Wave-like modulations superposed over the second enhancement in TEC between 09:15 UT to 10:30 UT have been observed at all the three stations. The second enhancement in TEC along with the modulations of up to 5 TECU have been attributed to the combined effect of super plasma fountain and traveling atmospheric disturbances (TAD). Observed large enhancements in TEC are a cause of concern for satellite based navigation and ground positioning. Increased [O/N₂] ratio between 09:15 UT to 10:15 UT when modulations in TEC have been also observed, confirms the presence of TADs over a wide range of longitudes

A Group Theoretical Identification of Integrable Equations in the Li\'enard Type Equation x¨+f(x)x˙+g(x)=0\ddot{x}+f(x)\dot{x}+g(x) = 0 : Part II: Equations having Maximal Lie Point Symmetries

In this second of the set of two papers on Lie symmetry analysis of a class of Li\'enard type equation of the form $\ddot {x} + f(x)\dot {x} + g(x)= 0$, where over dot denotes differentiation with respect to time and $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ are smooth functions of their variables, we isolate the equations which possess maximal Lie point symmetries. It is well known that any second order nonlinear ordinary differential equation which admits eight parameter Lie point symmetries is linearizable to free particle equation through point transformation. As a consequence all the identified equations turn out to be linearizable. We also show that one can get maximal Lie point symmetries for the above Li\'enard equation only when $f_{xx} =0$ (subscript denotes differentiation). In addition, we discuss the linearising transformations and solutions for all the nonlinear equations identified in this paper.Comment: Accepted for publication in Journal of Mathematical Physic