5-(2-Nitro-1-phenyl­but­yl)-4-phenyl-1,2,3-selenadiazole

In the title compound, C18H17N3O2Se, the selenadiazole ring is planar [maximum deviation = 0.012 (2) Å for the ring C atom bearing the phenyl substituent]. The dihedral angle between the selenadiazole ring and the attached benzene ring is 46.5 (1)°. There is one short intra­molecular C—H⋯Se contact

1-[(E)-2-Formyl-1-(4-methyl­phen­yl)ethen­yl]-3-(4-methyl­phen­yl)pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C21H18N2O2, mol­ecules are linked through C—H⋯O inter­actions. Two symmetry-related mol­ecules form a cyclic centrosymmetric R 2 2(20) dimer. These dimers are further connected into chains running along the b axis

3-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-1-[(E)-1-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-2-(4-methyl­phenyl­sulfan­yl)ethen­yl]-4-(4-methyl­phenyl­sulfan­yl)-1H-pyrazole

In the title compound, C31H24Cl2N2S2, the pyrazole ring adopts planar conformation with a maximum deviation of 0.002 (2) Å. The chloro­phenyl rings are twisted out of the plane of the pyrazole ring by 75.1 (1) and 39.5 (1)°. The crystal packing is controlled by weak intermolecular C—H⋯π interactions

Ultraviolet radiation changes

A major consequence of ozone depletion is an increase in solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation received at the Earth's surface. This chapter discusses advances that were made since the previous assessment (World Meteorological Organization (WMO)) to our understanding of UV radiation. The impacts of these changes in UV on the biosphere are not included, because they are discussed in the effects assessment

1-(2-Naphth­yl)-3-phenyl-3-(4,5,6,7-tetra­hydro-1,2,3-benzoselenadiazol-4-yl)propan-1-one

In the title compound, C25H22N2OSe, the fused six-membered cyclo­hexene ring of the 4,5,6,7-tetra­hydro-1,2,3-benzoselenadiazole group adopts a near half-chair conformation and the five-membered 1,2,3-selenadiazole ring is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.004 Å). There are weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions in the crystal structure. Inter­molecular π–π stacking is also observed between the naphthyl units, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.529 (15) Å

3-Cyclo­hexyl­sulfan­yl-2-(4-methyl­phen­yl)-5,7-dinitro-1H-indole

In the title compound, C21H21N3O4S, the cyclo­hexane ring adopts a chair conformation. The nitro and methyl­phenyl groups are all coplanar with the indole ring system. Intra­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds generate S(6) ring motifs. The mol­ecules form R 2 2(20) centrosymmetric dimers via inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. A short O⋯O contact [2.842 (2) Å] is observed in the dimer

Diethyl 2-[(4-nitro­phen­yl)(4-phenyl-1,2,3-selenadiazol-5-yl)meth­yl]malonate

In the title compound, C22H21N3O6Se, the heterocyclic ring makes dihedral angles of 50.03 (11) and 67.75 (11)°, respectively, with the benzene and phenyl rings. The terminal C atoms of the ester groups are disordered over two positions: the site occupancies for the C atoms are 0.62 (3)/0.38 (3) and 0.48 (3)/0.52 (3). In the crystal structure, weak intra- and inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions are observed

Cultural characteristics, morphology, and variation within Claviceps africana and C. sorghi from India

Sorghum ergot in India is caused by Claviceps africana and C. sorghi. The distributions of these two species in India is not known. Eighty-nine sorghum ergot isolates were cultured from young sphacelia obtained from male sterile sorghum plants artificially inoculated using inoculum collected in the field. Based on cultural characteristics, the isolates were separated into two groups which differed distinctly in the morphology of their sphacelia, conidia, and sclerotia. Marked differences also were observed in rates of secondary conidial production and disease spread between the groups. In combination with molecular evidence, our results confirm that the isolates placed in Group I represent C. africana and Group II isolates represent C. sorghi. C. africana was found to be widely distributed in all sorghum growing areas of India. The species first described as occurring in India, C. sorghi, appears to be restricted to a few locations in the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka

4-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-5-[1-(4-chloro­phenyl)-2-methyl-2-nitro­prop­yl]-1,2,3-selenadiazole

In the title compound, C18H15Cl2N3O2Se, the selenadiazole ring makes dihedral angles of 49.87 (3) and 55.70 (3)° with the two benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 11.90 (5)°. In the crystal structure, intra­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Se inter­actions and inter­molecular C—H⋯O, C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯N inter­actions are observed

Ethyl 2-phenyl-3-(4-phenyl-1,2,3-selenadiazol-5-yl)-3-p-tolyl­propano­ate

In the title compound, C26H24N2O2Se, the selenadiazole ring is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.004 (3) Å]. The dihedral angle between the selenadiazole ring and the attached benzene ring is 50.17 (1)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯N inter­actions