Élargissement de la raie (2p-4d, 4f, 4p) de Li I dans un plasma électrolytique

A method for calculating the profile of the partially overlapping Li I (2p-4d, 4f, 4p) line is presented ; it takes into account the perturbation both by electronic and ionic microfields, and by a uniform electric field, as well as reabsorption. This method will allow us to evaluate the effect on the theoretical profile of the temperature distributions which depend on this field. Finally we compare a typical expérimental profile from the anode effect in an equimolar mixture of LiC1-KC1 with the profiles calculated for a zero electric field.Une méthode de calcul du profil théorique de la raie partiellement dégénérée (2p-4d, 4f, 4p) de Li I est donnée, qui tient compte de la perturbation de cette raie par les micro-champs électroniques et ioniques et par un champ électrique uniforme superposé, ainsi que de la réabsorption. Cette méthode nous permettra donc d'évaluer l'influence sur le profil théorique des distributions de températures liées à l'existence de ce champ. Nous comparons ensuite le profil expérimental moyen normé obtenu à partir de l'effet d'anode dans un mélange équimoléculaire LiC1-KC1 aux profils calculés pour un champ électrique nul

Étude spectrométrique de la lumière émise par le plasma anodique pendant l'effet d'anode dans des mélanges Licl-KCl fondus

One can determine fundamental properties of anodic plasma by studiing Li and K isolated lines. For a voltage of 80 V between electrodes, this plasma is perturbed by a uniform electric field of about 130 kV/cm. Moreover, it is necessary to consider a temperature variation from 4 600 to 5 600 °K in the field direction. Electronic, ionic and atomic densities are such as the triple condition « atmospheric pressure - Saha's equation - total neutrality » is verified at every point in the plasma.L'étude du profil des raies isolées de Li et de K permet de déterminer les caractères fondamentaux du plasma anodique. Nous montrons que, pour une tension d'alimentation de 80 V de la cellule d'électrolyse, il règne dans ce plasma un champ électrique constant de l'ordre de 130 kV/cm. Les températures s'y répartissent de 4 600 à 5 600 °K dans la direction du champ. Les densités électronique, ionique, atomique sont telles qu'en chaque point du plasma, la triple condition « Pression atmosphérique - Loi de Saha - Neutralité globale » soit vérifiée

Enhancing tumor response to targeted chemotherapy through up-regulation of folate receptor α expression induced by dexamethasone and valproic acid

International audienceSeveral folate-drug conjugates are currently undergoing clinical trials for application in oncology. However, the efficacy of folate-targeted therapy strongly depends on the folate receptor (FR) abundance at the surface of cancer cells. Recently, it has been postulated that up-regulation of FRα by means of chemo-sensitizing agents could enhance the anticancer activity of FR-drug conjugates. In this study, we demonstrate in vitro that a combination of dexamethasone (Dexa) and valproic acid (VPA) increases FRα expression selectively at the surface of FR-overexpressing cancer cells. The same stimulation was observed in vivo in KB-tumor xenografts when mice are treated with this combined treatment. This effect is reversible since treatment interruption induces the return of FR expression at basal level. When incubated with Dexa and VPA, the β-galactosidaseresponsive folate-monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) conjugate, called MGAF, exhibits higher cytotoxic activity on several FR-positive human cancer cell lines, compared to its administration as a single agent. This improved toxicity results from the enhanced concentration of MMAE released within cancer cells after internalization and subsequent enzymatic activation of MGAF. Higher deposition of MMAE is also observed in vivo after up-regulation of FR expression level in tumor xenografts, induced by the prior administration of the Dexa/VPA combination. In this model, MGAF/Dexa/VPA combined therapy results in an 81% inhibition of tumor growth compared to the control group, while MGAF used in monotherapy is inefficient. Since Dexa and VPA are currently used in humans, this finding could be of great interest for further development of folate-drug conjugates, in particular for those that are presently under clinical investigation

A predictive bottom-up hierarchical approach to digital system reliability

ISBN 978-1-4577-1678-2; This paper has been granted the OUTSTANDING PAPER AWARDInternational audienceThis work has introduced a new electrical aging assessment framework for digital systems, based upon strong physics-based foundations and an adequate bottom-up approach which enables propagating accurate reliability knowledge at system level. This work opens new ways to optimize high level digital systems with respect to aging with great accuracy