Particular features of interrelation of motivation, values and sense of life’s meaning as subjective factors of individualizing trajectory in the system of continuous education

The relevance of the problem under study is based on the fact that, as regards methodological and theoretical aspects, the problem of value and motivational sphere is poorly elaborated regarding the interrelation between professional education and professional activity and on the empirical level there is no clear understanding of how the sense of purpose of life and own professional values is related to the professional motivation. The aim of the article is to identify the specific features of the interrelation and effects of meaning of life to the professional values and motivation. The leading method of research is questionnaire method which makes it possible to identify the following: level of sense of life’s purpose – method of life-meaning orientations, specific features of professional motivation – method “Motivation of professional activity” and method “Level of correlation between value and availability of value”. The article presents and discusses the results of empirical study of the interrelation between professional values, professional motivation and life-meaning orientations, as well as the effects of the level of life’s meaning on professional motivation. The practical value is the possibility to use the results of the research in developing programs for correcting and increasing professional motivation, as well as for developing technologies of psychology-pedagogical assistance to sense-making and professional self-identification in projecting and implementing individual educational trajectories in the continuous vocational education system. The article can be useful for specialists in professiology, teachers of technical subjects and professional consultants for forecasting professional development of a person. © 2016 Zavodchikov et al

Анализ эффективности мероприятий по снижению доз облучения населения от техногенных и природных источников на примере села Муслюмово, река Теча

The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of measures on reduction of population radiation exposure at the radioactively contaminated territories by comparing radiation doses due to natural and technogenic sources. Materials and methods: the effective doses of radiation exposure due to the Techa River contamination in Muslyumovo were calculated using the data on radionuclide intakes and coefficients recommended by ICRP. Exposure to radon was estimated based on the results of radon surveys of Muslyumovo in 1992 and New Muslyumovo in 2015. Results: the total effective dose due to the Techa River contamination accumulated over the period 1950–2000 was 144 mSv. Annual effective doses due to radon in Muslyumovo and New Muslyumovo were 9,2 and 5,1 mSv respectively. The total effective dose received due to the natural and technogenic radiation was about 0,7 Sv (a contribution of radon is 77%). The total averted dose by the year 2015 due to resettlement in 2007 is 38 mSv. The dose reduction  appeared mostly due to lower radon exposure. Conclusion: the maximum reduction of population exposure could be achieved by means of timely evacuation to uncontaminated territory together with the indoor radon prevention measures.Цель исследования: провести анализ эффективности мероприятий по снижению доз облучения населения, проживающего на территориях, подвергшихся аварийному радиоактивному загрязнению, на основе расчета и сравнения полученных и предотвращенных доз облучения за счет  техногенных и природных источников. Материалы и методы: эффективные дозы за счет радиоактивного загрязнения реки Теча в селе Муслюмово рассчитаны с использованием данных о поступлении радионуклидов в организм и коэффициентов, рекомендованных МКРЗ. Облучение радоном оценивалось по результатам радоновых обследований в 1992 г. в Муслюмово и в 2015 г. в Новом Муслюмово. Результаты: суммарная эффективная доза, обусловленная загрязнением реки Теча, накопленная за 1950–2000 гг.,  составила 144 мЗв. Годовые эффективные дозы облучения от радона в Муслюмово и Новом Муслюмово составляют 9,2 и 5,1 мЗв соответственно. Общая эффективная доза, накопленная к 2000 г. от двух источников, составила 0,7 Зв (вклад радона – 77%). Предотвращенная к 2015 г. в результате переселения в 2007 г. доза составляет 38 мЗв. Снижение в основном достигнуто за счет меньшей объемной активности радона в зданиях. Заключение: максимальное сокращение дозы облучения населения с. Муслюмово могло быть осуществлено в случае своевременного переселения на незагрязненную территорию и применения превентивных радонозащитных мероприятий

Влияние детализации трабекулярной структуры фантомов кости на оценку дозы облучения костного мозга от 89,90Sr

Today there exist two main approaches to developing computational phantoms for bone dosimetry. The first approach is based on a detailed description of the microarchitecture of the spongiosa filling the phantoms. This microarchitecture includes trabeculae and bone marrow separately, i.e., the source tissue and the detector tissue are separated. The second approach involves generating a homogeneous bone where the target and source tissues are combined. In both cases the simulation results are conversion factors that allow converting the specific activity of incorporated radionuclides into the absorbed dose in the bone marrow. For dosimetry of the Techa River population exposed due to incorporated 89,90Sr, the skeletal phantoms were created for people of different sex and age, starting with a newborn. These phantoms included a detailed description of the trabecular bone microstructure, i.e., they belong to the first approach. Also, phantoms of the skeleton of the fetus and pregnant woman at various gestation stages have been developed, which involves modeling the bone as a homogeneous medium. These phantoms are designed for dosimetry of external and internal exposure, including 89,90Sr dosimetry. The usage of two fundamentally different approaches to bone dosimetry for the pre- and postnatal period raises the issue of compatibility of these approaches and possibility of their combining within a single dosimetric system. Objective: to evaluate the effect of detailing the trabecular structure of bone phantoms on the evaluation of conversion factors of bone marrow exposure due to 89,90Sr. Computational phantoms of eight regions of a newborn’s skeleton filled in with trabecular bone were generated. For each bone region two phantoms were generated: one phantom with a detailed description of the spongiosa microstructure and one phantom with spongiosa modeled as a homogeneous media. For all phantoms, the radiation transport from 89,90Sr incorporated in the source tissue was simulated using the MCNP 6.2 code, and the values of conversion factors were calculated. As a result, 16 conversion factors were obtained for all phantoms. On the average the conversion factors obtained for phantoms with homogeneous spongiosa exceed those for phantoms with a detailed description of the spongiosa microstructure by 2.4 times. Such significant difference between the results makes it possible to conclude that the detailing description of trabecular structure of bone phantoms has a significant impact on the assessment of the bone marrow dose due to incorporated 89,90Sr.В настоящее время существует 2 основных подхода к созданию вычислительных фантомов для костной дозиметрии. В рамках первого подхода микроархитектура заполняющей фантомы спонгиозы включает отдельно трабекулы и отдельно костный мозг, т.е. ткань-источник и тканьдетектор разделены. Второй подход заключается в моделировании костной ткани как гомогенной среды, в которой трабекулярная кость и костный мозг объединены. Результатами моделирования в обоих случаях являются коэффициенты конверсии, которые позволяют преобразовывать удельную активность инкорпорированных радионуклидов в поглощенную в костном мозге дозу. Моделирование скелета необходимо для дозиметрии облученного населения р. Теча от инкорпорированных 89,90Sr. С этой целью были созданы фантомы, включающие описание микроструктуры спонгиозы для людей разного пола и возраста. Для внутриутробной дозиметрии были разработаны фантомы плода и беременной женщины, которые предполагают моделирование кости как гомогенной среды. Использование двух принципиально разных подходов к костной дозиметрии для пре- и постнатального периода ставит вопрос об их совместимости. Цель: оценить влияние детализации трабекулярной структуры фантомов кости на оценку коэффициентов конверсии облучения костного мозга от 89,90Sr. В рамках данной работы были сгенерированы фантомы 8 участков скелета новорожденного, занятых спонгиозой. Для каждого участка скелета было сгенерировано по одному фантому с детальным описанием микроструктуры спонгиозы и по одному фантому, в котором трабекулярная кость смоделирована как гомогенная среда. Для всех фантомов была проведена имитация транспорта излучений от инкорпорированных в ткани – источнике 89,90Sr с использованием программы MCNP 6.2 и рассчитаны значения коэффициентов конверсии. В результате было получено 16 коэффициентов конверсии для всех фантомов. Коэффициенты конверсии, полученные для фантомов с гомогенной спонгиозой, превышают таковые для фантомов с детальным описанием микроструктуры в среднем в 2,4 раза. Такие значительные различия между результатами моделирования позволяют сделать вывод, что детализация трабекулярной структуры фантомов кости оказывает существенное влияние на оценку дозы облучения костного мозга от инкорпорированных 89,90Sr

Методологический подход к разработке дозиметрических моделей скелета человека для бета-излучающих радионуклидов

Objective of the study: to develop a skeleton model for assessing red bone marrow dose from osteotropic beta-emitting radionuclides. This article describes the modeling methodology which takes into account the individual variability of the macro- and microstructure of bone tissue.Materials and methods: it is proposed to model bone sites with active hematopoiesis by dividing them into small segments described by simple geometric shapes. Spongiosa, which fills the segments, is modeled as an isotropic three-dimensional grid (carcass) of rod-like trabeculae that “run through” the bone marrow. In the process of randomization, multiple carcass deformations are simulated by changing the positions of the grid nodes and the thickness of the rods. Model grid parameters are selected in accordance with the parameters of spongiosa microstructures taken from the published papers. Stochastic modeling of radiation transport in heterogeneous environments simulating distribution of bone tissue and marrow in each of the segments is performed by Monte Carlo method. The model output for the lumbar vertebra is given as an example. The generated vertebral model allowed us to obtain the dosimetric characteristics of bone marrow irradiation, which are comparable to the results obtained with ICRP model developed based on the data of micro-images of bone structures. For the first time ever confidence intervals of dosimetric characteristics associated with individual variability of bone structure were evaluated. The developed methodology for the calculation of doses absorbed in the bone marrow from osteotropic radionuclides does not require additional studies of autopsy material. The obtained results will be used to calculate individual doses in a cohort of Techa riverside residents who were exposed due to Techa River contamination as a result of liquid radioactive waste discharges by the Mayak Production Association.Цель исследования: разработка модели скелета для оценки дозы на красный костный мозг от остеотропных бета-излучающих радионуклидов. В настоящей статье представлено описание методологии моделирования, в которой учитывается индивидуальная вариабельность макро- и микроструктуры костной ткани.Материалы и методы: предлагается моделировать участки скелета с активным гемопоэзом путём их разбиения на небольшие сегменты, описываемые простыми геометрическими фигурами. Заполняющая сегменты спонгиоза моделируется как изотропная (пространственно-однородная) трёхмерная решётка (каркас) из стержнеобразных трабекул, «пронизывающих» костный мозг. В процессе моделирования каркас деформируется путём случайного изменения положений узлов решётки, также меняются и толщины стержней. Параметры модельной решётки выбираются в соответствии с параметрами микроструктуры спонгиозы, взятыми из литературы. Стохастическое моделирование транспорта излучений в гетерогенных средах, имитирующих распределение костной ткани и костного мозга внутри каждого из сегментов, осуществляется методом Монте-Карло. В качестве примера показаны результаты расчетов для поясничного позвонка. Сгенерированная модель позвонка позволила получить дозиметрические характеристики облучения костного мозга, значения которых сопоставимы с результатами расчётов по модели МКРЗ, основанной на данных микроизображений костных структур. Впервые были оценены доверительные интервалы дозиметрических характеристик, связанные с индивидуальной изменчивостью строения кости. Разработанная методология для расчета поглощенных в костном мозге доз от остеотропных радионуклидов не требует дополнительных исследований аутопсийного материала. Полученные результаты будут использованы для расчёта индивидуальных доз в когорте облучённых жителей прибрежных сёл реки Теча, загрязнённой в результате сбросов жидких радиоактивных отходов производственным объединением «Маяк»

Composition and evolution of the melts erupted in 1996 at Karymskoe Lake, Eastern Kamchatka: Evidence from inclusions in minerals

The powerful eruption in the Akademii Nauk caldera on January 2, 1996, marked a new activity phase of Karymsky volcano and became a noticeable event in the history of modern volcanism in Kamchatka. The paper reports data obtained by studying more than 200 glassy melt inclusions in phenocrysts of olivine (Fo82–72), plagioclase (An92–73), and clinopyroxene (Mg# 83–70) in basalts of the 1996 eruption. The data were utilized to estimate the composition of the parental melt and the physicochemical parameters of the magma evolution. According to our data, the parental melt corresponded to low magnesian, highly aluminous basalt (SiO2 = 50.2 wt %, MgO = 5.6 wt %, Al2O3 = 17 wt %) of the mildly potassic type (K2O = 0.56 wt %) and contained much dissolved volatile components (H2O = 2.8 wt %, S = 0.17 wt %, and Cl = 0.11 wt %). Melt inclusions in the minerals are similar in chemical composition, a fact testifying that the minerals crystallized simultaneously with one another. Their crystallization started at a pressure of approximately 1.5 kbar, pro ceeded within a narrow temperature range of 1040 ± 20°C, and continued until a nearsurface pressure of approximately 100 bar was reached. The degree of crystallization of the parental melt during its eruption was close to 55%. Massive crystallization was triggered by H2O degassing under a pressure of less than 1 kbar. Magma degassing in an open system resulted in the escape of 82% H2O, 93% S, and 24% Cl (of their initial contents in the parental melt) to the fluid phase. The release of volatile compounds to the atmosphere during the eruption that lasted for 18 h was estimated at 1.7 × 106 t H2O, 1.4 × 105 t S, and 1.5 × 104 t Cl. The concen trations of most incompatible trace elements in the melt inclusions are close to those in the rocks and to the expected fractional differentiation trend. Melt inclusions in the plagioclase were found to be selectively enriched in Li. The Lienriched plagioclase with melt inclusions thought to originate from cumulate layers in the feeding system beneath Karymsky volcano, in which plagioclase interacted with Lirich melts/brines and was subsequently entrapped and entrained by the magma during the 1996 eruption

Targeted Disruption of the PME-1 Gene Causes Loss of Demethylated PP2A and Perinatal Lethality in Mice

Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a major serine-threonine protein phosphatase in eukaryotes, is an oligomeric protein comprised of structural (A) and catalytic (C) subunits to which a variable regulatory subunit (B) can associate. The C subunit contains a methyl ester post-translational modification on its C-terminal leucine residue, which is removed by a specific methylesterase (PME-1). Methylesterification is thought to control the binding of different B subunits to AC dimers, but little is known about its physiological significance in vivo.Here, we show that targeted disruption of the PME-1 gene causes perinatal lethality in mice, a phenotype that correlates with a virtually complete loss of the demethylated form of PP2A in the nervous system and peripheral tissues. Interestingly, PP2A catalytic activity over a peptide substrate was dramatically reduced in PME-1(-/-) tissues, which also displayed alterations in phosphoproteome content.These findings suggest a role for the demethylated form of PP2A in maintenance of enzyme function and phosphorylation networks in vivo

Izloženost genotoksičnim agensima iz životnog okoliša tijekom prenatalnog razvoja i djetinjstva

Health disorders and diseases related to environmental exposure in children such as cancer and immunologic disturbances (asthma, allergies) are on the rise. However, complex transplacental and prepubertal genotoxicology is given very limited consideration, even though intrauterine development and early childhood may be critical for elucidating the cancer aetiology. The foetus is transplacentally exposed to contaminants in food and environment such as various chemicals, drugs, radiochemically contaminated water and air. Target organs of xenobiotic action may differ between the mother and the foetus due to specific stage of developmental physiology and enzyme distribution. This in turn may lead to different levels of clastogenic and aneugenic metabolites of the same xenobiotic in the mother and the foetus. Adult’s protective behaviour is not sufficient to isolate children from radioisotopes, pesticides, toxic metals and metalloids, environmental tobacco smoke, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and various food contaminants, which are just a part of the stressors present in a polluted environment. In order to improve legislation related to foetus and child exposure to genotoxic and possibly carcinogenic agents, oncologists, paediatricians, environmental health specialists, and genotoxicologists should work together much more closely to make a more effective use of accumulated scientific data, with the final aim to lower cancer incidence and mortality.Unatoč velikim naporima da se smanji okolišna izloženost u djece se dalje bilježi trend porasta pojavnosti karcinoma i imunosnih poremećaja (astma, alergije). Premda su intrauterini razvoj i rano djetinjstvo kritično razdoblje za tumačenje etiologije nastanka karcinoma, transplacentalna i prepubertetna genotoksikologija do danas su slabo istražene. Fetus je transplacentalno izložen brojnim fizikalnim i kemijskim čimbenicima: kontaminantima iz hrane i okoliša, radiokemijski kontaminiranoj vodi, zraku te lijekovima. Ciljna tkiva za djelovanje ksenobiotika mogu biti različita u majke i fetusa zbog različitosti u razvojnoj fiziologiji i distribuciji enzima. Zbog toga u organizmu majke i fetusa mogu nastati različite razine klastogenih i aneugenih metabolita istog ksenobiotika. Zaštitna uloga odraslih u namjeri da spriječe negativne utjecaje onečišćenog okoliša na djetetovo zdravlje često je ograničena jer su radioizotopi, olovo, PCB, pasivno pušenje, živa, endokrino aktivne tvari, pesticidi i kontaminanti prisutni u svim životnim područjima tijekom razvoja i rasta djeteta. Kako bi se poboljšalo zakonodavstvo vezano uz izloženost djece genotoksičnim i vjerojatno kancerogenim tvarima, tijekom razvoja potrebna je bolja suradnja onkologa, pedijatara, stručnjaka zdravstvene ekologije i genotoksikologa. Na taj način ostvarilo bi se uspješnije iskorištavanje postojećih znanstvenih podataka u cilju smanjenja incidencije karcinoma i mortaliteta

Analysis of the effectiveness of measures on reduction population radiation doses due to technogenic and natural sources on the example of Muslyumovo village, the river Techa

The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of measures on reduction of population radiation exposure at the radioactively contaminated territories by comparing radiation doses due to natural and technogenic sources. Materials and methods: the effective doses of radiation exposure due to the Techa River contamination in Muslyumovo were calculated using the data on radionuclide intakes and coefficients recommended by ICRP. Exposure to radon was estimated based on the results of radon surveys of Muslyumovo in 1992 and New Muslyumovo in 2015. Results: the total effective dose due to the Techa River contamination accumulated over the period 1950–2000 was 144 mSv. Annual effective doses due to radon in Muslyumovo and New Muslyumovo were 9,2 and 5,1 mSv respectively. The total effective dose received due to the natural and technogenic radiation was about 0,7 Sv (a contribution of radon is 77%). The total averted dose by the year 2015 due to resettlement in 2007 is 38 mSv. The dose reduction  appeared mostly due to lower radon exposure. Conclusion: the maximum reduction of population exposure could be achieved by means of timely evacuation to uncontaminated territory together with the indoor radon prevention measures