Usage, biological activity, and safety of selected botanical dietary supplements consumed in the United States

In view of the continuous growth of the botanical dietary supplement industry and the increased popularity of lesser known or exotic botanicals, recent findings are described on the phytochemical composition and biological activities of five selected fruits consumed in the United States, namely, açaí, noni, mangosteen, black chokeberry, and maqui berry. A review of the ethnomedicinal uses of these plants has revealed some similarities ranging from wound-healing to the treatment of fever and infectious diseases. Laboratory studies on açaí have shown both its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, and more importantly, its neuroprotective properties in animals. Anthraquinones and iridoid glucosides isolated from noni fruit induce the phase II enzyme quinone reductase (QR), and noni fruit juice exhibited antitumor and antidiabetic activities in certain animal models. Antitumorigenic effects of mangosteen in animal xenograft models of human cancers have been attributed to its xanthone content, and pure α-mangostin was shown to display antineoplastic activity in mice despite a reported low oral bioavailability. Work on the less extensively investigated black chokeberry and maqui berry has focused on recent isolation studies and has resulted in the identification of bioactive secondary metabolites with QR-inducing and hydroxyl-radical scavenging properties. On the basis of the safety studies and toxicity case reports described herein, these fruits may be generally considered as safe. However, cases of adulteration found in a commercialized açaí product and some conflicting results from mangosteen safety studies warrant further investigation on the safety of these marketed botanical dietary supplements. Keywords: Açaí, Noni, Mangosteen, Black chokeberry, Maqui berr

Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Constituents from a Maqui Berry (<i>Aristotelia chilensis</i>) Dietary Supplement Ingredient As Markers for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Bioassay-guided phytochemical investigation of a commercially available maqui berry (<i>Aristotelia chilensis</i>) extract used in botanical dietary supplement products led to the isolation of 16 compounds, including one phenolic molecule, <b>1</b>, discovered for the first time from a natural source, along with several known compounds, <b>2</b>–<b>16</b>, including three substances not reported previously in <i>A. chilensis</i>, <b>2</b>, <b>14</b>, and <b>15</b>. Each isolate was characterized by detailed analysis of NMR spectroscopic and HRESIMS data and tested for their in vitro hydroxyl radical scavenging and quinone-reductase inducing biological activities. A sensitive and accurate LC–DAD-MS method for the quantitative determination of the occurrence of six bioactive compounds, <b>6</b>, <b>7</b>, <b>10</b>–<b>12</b>, and <b>14</b>, was developed and validated using maqui berry isolates purified in the course of this study as authentic standards. The method presented can be utilized for dereplication efforts in future natural product research projects or to evaluate chemical markers for quality assurance and batch-to-batch standardization of this botanical dietary supplement component

Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Totarane-Derived Diterpenes from Podocarpus neriifolius and Structure Revision of 3-Deoxy-2α-hydroxynagilactone E

Abstract Bioactivity-guided phytochemical investigation of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don. (Podocarpaceae) has led to the isolation of one new (2) and three known (1, 3, and 4) B-type podolactones, along with three totarane-type diterpenes (5-7). Their structures were determined by interpretation of High Resolution ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HRESIMS) and 1D and 2D NMR data, and comparison with the values reported in the literature. The structure of compound 1, previously identified as 3-deoxy-2α-hydroxynagilactone E (8), was revised as its 2β-epimer, which has been reported recently as a new compound. All of the isolates were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against a panel of four human cancer cell lines, namely, ovarian (OVCAR3), breast (MDA-MB-231), colon (HT-29), and melanoma (MDA-MB-435), and compounds 1 and 3 were found to be cytotoxic with IC50 values in the low micromolar range for most of the cell lines used. The major compound, inumakilactone A (3), was further tested in vivo using the HT-29, MDA-MB-435, and OVCAR3 cells in a murine hollow fiber model, for the first time. Graphical Abstrac

Computer-Assisted Structure Elucidation of Black Chokeberry (<i>Aronia melanocarpa</i>) Fruit Juice Isolates with a New Fused Pentacyclic Flavonoid Skeleton

Melanodiol 4″-<i>O</i>-protocatechuate (<b>1</b>) and melanodiol (<b>2</b>) represent novel flavonoid derivatives isolated from a botanical dietary supplement ingredient, dried black chokeberry (<i>Aronia melanocarpa</i>) fruit juice. These noncrystalline compounds possess an unprecedented fused pentacyclic core with two contiguous hemiketals. Due to having significant hydrogen deficiency indices, their structures were determined using computer-assisted structure elucidation software. The in vitro hydroxyl radical-scavenging and quinone reductase-inducing activity of each compound are reported, and a plausible biogenetic scheme is proposed

Computer-Assisted Structure Elucidation of Black Chokeberry (<i>Aronia melanocarpa</i>) Fruit Juice Isolates with a New Fused Pentacyclic Flavonoid Skeleton

Melanodiol 4″-<i>O</i>-protocatechuate (<b>1</b>) and melanodiol (<b>2</b>) represent novel flavonoid derivatives isolated from a botanical dietary supplement ingredient, dried black chokeberry (<i>Aronia melanocarpa</i>) fruit juice. These noncrystalline compounds possess an unprecedented fused pentacyclic core with two contiguous hemiketals. Due to having significant hydrogen deficiency indices, their structures were determined using computer-assisted structure elucidation software. The in vitro hydroxyl radical-scavenging and quinone reductase-inducing activity of each compound are reported, and a plausible biogenetic scheme is proposed