1,187 research outputs found
The LHCb trigger and data acquisition system
The LHCb experiment is the most recently approved of the 4 experiments under construction at CERNs LHC accelerator. It is a special purpose experiment designed to precisely measure the CP violation parameters in the B-B system. Triggering poses special problems since the interesting events containing B-mesons are immersed in a large background of inelastic p-p reactions. We therefore decided to implement a 4 level triggering scheme. The LHCb Data Acquisition (DAQ) system will have to cope with an average trigger rate of ~40 kHz, after two levels of hardware triggers, and an average event size of ~100 kB. Thus an event-building network which can sustain an average bandwidth of 4 GB/s is required. A powerful software trigger farm will have to be installed to reduce the rate from the 40 kHz to ~100 Hz of events written to permanent storage. In this paper we outline the general architecture of the Trigger and DAQ system and the readout protocols we plan to implement. First results of simulations of the behavior of the event- building network implementations under the expected traffic patterns are presented. (8 refs)
Epistatic Interactions in the Arabinose Cis-Regulatory Element
Changes in gene expression are an important mode of evolution; however, the proximate mechanism of these changes is poorly understood. In particular, little is known about the effects of mutations within cis binding sites for transcription factors, or the nature of epistatic interactions between these mutations. Here, we tested the effects of single and double mutants in two cis binding sites involved in the transcriptional regulation of the Escherichia coli araBAD operon, a component of arabinose metabolism, using a synthetic system. This system decouples transcriptional control from any posttranslational effects on fitness, allowing a precise estimate of the effect of single and double mutations, and hence epistasis, on gene expression. We found that epistatic interactions between mutations in the araBAD cis-regulatory element are common, and that the predominant form of epistasis is negative. The magnitude of the interactions depended on whether the mutations are located in the same or in different operator sites. Importantly, these epistatic interactions were dependent on the presence of arabinose, a native inducer of the araBAD operon in vivo, with some interactions changing in sign (e.g., from negative to positive) in its presence. This study thus reveals that mutations in even relatively simple cis-regulatory elements interact in complex ways such that selection on the level of gene expression in one environment might perturb regulation in the other environment in an unpredictable and uncorrelated manner
On the convergence of a D.K.T. method valid for shells of arbitrary shape
In a recent paper by the same authors, we have thoroughly described how to extend to the case of general shells the well known D.K.T. methods (i.e. Discrete Kirchhoff Triangle) which are now classically used to solve plate problems. In this paper we have also detailed how to realize the implementation and we have reported some numerical results obtained over classical benchmarks. The aim of this paper is to prove the convergence ofa closely related method and to obtain corresponding error estimates
Finite strain Landau theory of high pressure phase transformations
The properties of materials near structural phase transitions are often
successfully described in the framework of Landau theory. While the focus is
usually on phase transitions, which are induced by temperature changes
approaching a critical temperature T-c, here we will discuss structural phase
transformations driven by high hydrostatic pressure, as they are of major
importance for understanding processes in the interior of the earth. Since at
very high pressures the deformations of a material are generally very large,
one needs to apply a fully nonlinear description taking physical as well as
geometrical nonlinearities (finite strains) into account. In particular it is
necessary to retune conventional Landau theory to describe such phase
transitions. In Troster et al (2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 55503) we constructed a
Landau-type free energy based on an order parameter part, an order
parameter-(finite) strain coupling and a nonlinear elastic term. This model
provides an excellent and efficient framework for the systematic study of phase
transformations for a wide range of materials up to ultrahigh pressures
Magnetic superspace groups and symmetry constraints in incommensurate magnetic phases
Although superspace formalism has become the standard approach for the
analysis of structurally modulated crystals, it has remained during the last
thirty years almost unexplored as a practical tool to deal with magnetic
incommensurate structures. This situation has recently changed with the
development of new computer tools for magnetic phases based on this formalism.
In this context we show here that, as in the case of nonmagnetic incommensurate
systems, the concept of superspace symmetry provides a simple, efficient and
systematic way to characterize the symmetry and rationalize the structural and
physical properties of incommensurate magnetic materials. The method introduces
significant advantages over the most commonly employed method of representation
analysis for the description of the magnetic structure of a crystal. But, more
importantly, in contrast with that method, it consistently yields and
classifies all degrees of freedom of the system. The knowledge of the
superspace group of an incommensurate magnetic material allows to predict its
crystal tensor properties and to rationalize its phase diagram, previous to any
appeal to microscopic models or mechanisms. This is especially relevant when
the properties of incommensurate multiferroics are being studied. We present
first a summary of the superspace method under a very practical viewpoint
particularized to magnetic modulations. Its relation with the usual
representation analysis is then analyzed in detail, with the derivation of
important general rules for magnetic modulations with a single propagation
vector. The power and efficiency of the formalism is illustrated with various
selected examples, including some multiferroic materials
Diffusion tensor imaging in orthostatic tremor: a tractâbased spatial statistics study
[Abstract]
Objective
The pathogenesis of orthostatic tremor (OT) is unknown. We investigated OTârelated white matter changes and their correlations with scores from a neuropsychological testing battery.
Methods
Diffusion tensor imaging measures were compared between 14 OT patients and 14 ageâ and educationâmatched healthy controls, using wholeâbrain tractâbased spatial statistics analysis. Correlations between altered diffusion metrics and cognitive performance in OT group were assessed.
Results
In all cognitive domains (attention, executive function, visuospatial ability, verbal memory, visual memory, and language), OT patientsâ cognitive performance was significantly worse than that of healthy controls. OT patients demonstrated altered diffusivity metrics not only in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum (left cerebellar lobule VI) and in its efferent cerebellar fibers (left superior cerebellar peduncle), but also in medial lemniscus bilaterally (pontine tegmentum), anterior limb of the internal capsule bilaterally, right posterior limb of the internal capsule, left anterior corona radiata, right insula, and the splenium of corpus callosum. No relationship was found between diffusion measures and disease duration in OT patients. Diffusion white matter changes, mainly those located in right anterior limb of the internal capsule, were correlated with poor performance on tests of executive function, visuospatial ability, verbal memory, and visual memory in OT patients.
Interpretation
White matter changes were preferentially located in the cerebellum, its efferent pathways, as well as in the pontine tegmentum and key components of the frontalâthalamicâcerebellar circuit. Further work needs to be done to understand the evolution of these white matter changes and their functional consequences.National Institutes of Health; R01 NS39422National Institutes of Health; R01 NS094607National Institutes of Health; R01 NS085136National Institutes of Health; R01 NS073872National Institutes of Health; R01 NS088257European Commission. Grant Number: ICTâ2011â287739Ministerio de EcnomĂa y Competitividad; RTCâ2015â3967â1Spanish Health Research Agency; FIS PI12/01602Spanish Health Research Agency; FIS PI16/00451Ministerio de EcnomĂa y Competitividad; DPIâ2015â68664âC4â1â
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