An unusual bilateral variation of musculocutaneous nerve.

Musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord (C5,6,7) of brachial plexus. Communications between the branches of brachial plexus are not so common. During routine dissection, we observed bilateral variation in 60-year-old female cadaver. In the present case, median nerve represented as a musculocutaneous nerve which supplied biceps brachii and brachialis, further continued into forearm as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm on the right arm. This branch did not pass through coracobrachialis muscle but the coracobrachialis was innervated by a branch from lateral cord of brachial plexus. We also observed an abnormal communicating branch between the musculocutaneous and median nerve on left side of the arm. These kinds of variations are important for surgeons while performing surgeries of axilla and upperlimb

Vulnerability index and climate change: An analysis in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India

Erratic monsoon and extreme climatic events cause considerable damage to life and property of the fishers in the country. Cuddalore District has been the worst affected of all districts in Tamil Nadu, in the recent past with the tsunami in 2004, cyclone Thane in 2011 and cyclone Neelam in 2012 creating a detrimental impact on coastal communities and their activities, particularly fishing. This in turn has affected their livelihood to a great extent. This coastal zone is largely low-lying with gentle slope, thus making it highly vulnerable to climate related changes. The vulnerability of this region to climate change and its devastating effects necessitates identifying vulnerability indices to assist in developing proactive policies by local government bodies in better disaster management. The vulnerability index of ten coastal villages of Cuddalore District was computed using Parameter, Attribute, Resilient indicator and Score (PARS) method. The study showed that the Cuddalore coast is highly vulnerable to climate change and related sea level rise. The villages of Pettodai, Reddiarpettai and Sothikuppam of Cuddalore District were identifified as most vulnerable. The outcome of this study will be of use in the protection of coastal livelihoods and planning better adaptation policies and mitigation plans

Entrepreneurial capital, social values and Islamic traditions: exploring the growth of women-owned enterprises in Pakistan

Main ArticleThis study seeks to explore the variables contributing to the growth of women-owned enterprises in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Based on a previously established multivariate model, it uses two econometric approaches: first classifying variables into predetermined blocks; and second, using the general to specific approach. Statistical analyses and in-depth interviews confirm that women entrepreneurs’ personal resources and social capital have a significant role in their business growth. Further, it reveals that the moral support of immediate family, independent mobility and being allowed to meet with men play a decisive role in the sales and employment growth of women-owned enterprises in an Islamic country such as Pakistan

High Level of Tumor Necrosis Alpha and Serum Interferon Gamma as Risk Factors for Progression of Vitiligo Disease

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that causes melanocyte of dysfunction. Cytokines played an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Interferon-gamma and TNF-µ  were cytokines that induce apoptosis of melanocyte cell. The increase of cytokine levels affects the clinical course of vitiligo. The stable and progressive phase of vitiligo clinically is not easy to predict. Assessment of vitiligo stability could be used to determine treatment options, duration of therapy and prognosis. This study was a cross-sectional observational study which intended to prove high levels of TNF-? and IFN-g serum is a risk factor for vitiligo progression. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data in active vitiligo subjects (n=30) were compared with stable vitiligo subjects   (n=40).   The relationship was analyzed with multivariate. Median of the subject age with active vitiligo was 44 years (8~60) and on the subject with stable vitiligo was 45 years (15~66). The most subjects were male (58.5%) and the most common type of vitiligo was non-segmental vitiligo (87.1%). Multivariate analysis showed a high level of TNF-µ serum increased the risk of vitiligo progressivity (Adjusted PR 390.89; CI 95 % 27.98-5460.12 ; p<0,001) and high level of IFN-g serum increased the risk of vitiligo progressivity (Adjusted PR 341.06; CI 95% 33.40-3482.26 ; p<0,001). The high level of TNF-µ and IFN-g serum as a risk factor for progression of vitiligo could be used to assess the activity of vitiligo disease. The further research about the association between TNF-µ  and IFN-g to predict the therapeutic response in vitiligo

Marine climate and fisheries scenario of Tamil Nadu Climcard-1

Marine climate and fisheries scenario of Tamil Nadu Climcard-

பருவ நிலை அட்டை: தமிழ்நாட்டின் பருவ நிலை மற்றும் மீன் வளம் CMFRI - NICRA Pamphlet No. 4/2016

CMFRI - NICRA Pamphlet No. 4 பருவ நிலை அட்டை: தமிழ்நாட்டின் பருவ நிலை மற்றும் மீன் வளம

कोवलम, तमीलनाडु के तटीय क्षेत्रों में उपलब्ध सुरमई मछली के मत्सयन स्थल का जिओस्पेशियल नक्शा

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Comparative study of echocardiography and electrocardiography criteria for detecting left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients

Background: The study aimed to compare seven different electrocardiogram (LVH) criteria for diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with echocardiogram as diagnostic standard in hypertensive patients.Methods: This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional study conducted in out-patient department and at medical wards of a tertiary care hospital at Bangalore. The study was carried out for a total duration of 12 months. All hypertensive patients underwent examination for prevalence of LVH using echocardiogram and ECG. Seven different ECG criteria were applied to diagnose the presence of LVH. Then the specificity, sensitivity, kappa measurement value, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for all criteria was calculated subsequently.Results: Out of the 100 patients studied, 34 had LVH as diagnosed by echocardiography. Sokolow-Lyon criteria had a sensitivity of 35% and specificity of 94%. Cornell voltage had a sensitivity of 26% and specificity of 95%. Modified Cornell voltage had a sensitivity of32% and specificity of 94%. Framingham adjusted Cornell voltage, Minnesota code and Cornell product had a sensitivity of 23.5% and specificity of 98.4%. Framingham score had a sensitivity of 38% and specificity of 95.4%.Conclusions: It can be concluded that among all the different criteria used in the study, Framingham score showed better sensitivity compared to others. In the evaluation of hypertensive patients for LVH, the role of ECG with all the commonly used criteria is of limited value and echocardiography is the method of choice

Feasibility of elastomeric composites as alternative materials for marine applications: A compendious review on their properties and opportunities

© IMechE 2022. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1177/14750902221095321The term elastomer is a curtailment of two words, which are elastic and polymers. Accordingly, elastomers are polymer materials with elasticity. The significant challenges hindering the development of materials for naval applications, similar to other engineering sectors, include achieving a competitive light elastomeric structure. Marine structures are susceptible to various damage responses due to various loads throughout their service life. Being flexible, elastomer has a low modulus of elasticity, exhibits higher values of failure strain and yield strength. In these regards, elastomers are attractive materials for applications that require elasticity because they offer substantial advantages compared to traditional materials. However, the low fire resistance of these elastomeric materials jeopardizes their use in some critical applications. As a result, elastomeric blends and composites containing flame retardant (FR) additives are commonly used. On the other hand, elastomers possess (i) high strength-to-weight ratio, (ii) excellent impact properties, (iii) low infrared, magnetic, and radar signatures, (iv) excellent durability, and (v) high resilience to extreme loads. Hence, the scope of this study focuses on review and awareness regarding the feasibility of marine applications of elastomers/ elastomeric composites, their current scientific and technological drawbacks, and future outlooks or prospects to support several applications in the marine industry.Peer reviewe