Spectra of solar proton ground level events using neutron monitor and neutron moderated detector recordings

Recordings on relativistic solar flare protons observed at Sanae, Antarctic, show that the percentage increase in counting rates of the neutron moderated detector (4NMD) is larger than the percentage increase in counting rates of the 3NM64 neutron monitor. These relative increases are described by solar proton differential spectra j sub s(P) = AP(beta). The power beta is determined for each event and the hardnesses of the temporal variations of beta, found for the ground level events (GLE) of 7 May, 1978 and 22 November, 1977

Gedagtes oor die onbepaaldheidsbeginsel van Heisenberg

Van filosofiesc syde en ook deur populariserende skrywers is daar al baie geskryf oor die onbepaaldheidsbeginsel in die Fisika, wat deur Heisenberg in die twintiger jare na vore gebring is

Eenheid en verskeidenheid in die fisika

As ons die stoflike natuur om ons betrag sal ons ’n groot verskeiden- lieid van voorwerpe en verskynsels opmerk met ons sintuie. So is daar bv. ’n groot verskeidenlieid van kleure, harde en sagte voorwerpe, warm en koue voorwerpe, nat en droë voorwerpe, vaste stowwe, vloeistowwe en gasse, en so meer. Die sintuiglike natuur met sy groot verskeidenlieid liet dan ook al baie penne van skrywers, digters en komponiste en kwaste van skilders in beweging gebring en gcïnspireer. Maar ook die Natuurweten- skaplikes vind liulle inspirasie in die grootse skepping van God. Hulle soek en beskryf die eenheid in die veelheid van die natuur, die algemene in die besondere. Hulle streef na orde cn maat, na soberlieid en beperking. Daardeur kan ’n groot verskeidenlieid van verskynsels en voorwerpe met mekaar in verband gebring word en betrek word in ’n eenheid van orde en harmonie

Resonance enhanced turbulent transport

The effect of oscillatory shear flows on turbulent transport of passive scalar fields is studied by numerical computations based on the results provided by E. Kim [Physics of Plasmas 13, 022308 (2006)] . Turbulent diffusion is found to depend crucially on the competition between suppression due to shearing and enhancement due to resonances, depending on the characteristic time and length scales of shear flow and turbulence. Enhancements in transport occur for turbulence with finite memory time either due to Doppler or parametric resonances. Scalings of turbulence amplitude and transport are provided in different parameter spaces. The results suggest that oscillatory shear flows are not only less efficient in regulating turbulence, but also can enhance the value of turbulent diffusion, accelerating turbulent transport

Global analysis of muon decay measurements

We have performed a global analysis of muon decay measurements to establish model-independent limits on the space-time structure of the muon decay matrix element. We find limits on the scalar, vector and tensor coupling of right- and left-handed muons to right- and left-handed electrons. The limits on those terms that involve the decay of right-handed muons to left-handed electrons are more restrictive than in previous global analyses, while the limits on the other non-standard model interactions are comparable. The value of the Michel parameter eta found in the global analysis is -0.0036 \pm 0.0069, slightly more precise than the value found in a more restrictive analysis of a recent measurement. This has implications for the Fermi coupling constant G_F.Comment: 5 pages, 3 table

A Coupled Soil-Atmosphere Model of H2O2 on Mars

The Viking Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer failed to detect organic compounds on Mars, and both the Viking Labeled Release and the Viking Gas Exchange experiments indicated a reactive soil surface. These results have led to the widespread belief that there are oxidants in the martian soil. Since H2O2 is produced by photochemical processes in the atmosphere of Mars, and has been shown in the laboratory to reproduce closely the Viking LR results, it is a likely candidate for a martian soil oxidant. Here, we report on the results of a coupled soil/atmosphere transport model for H202 on Mars. Upon diffusing into the soil, its concentration is determined by the extent to which it is adsorbed and by the rate at which it is catalytically destroyed. An analytical model for calculating the distribution of H202 in the martian atmosphere and soil is developed. The concentration of H202 in the soil is shown to go to zero at a finite depth, a consequence of the nonlinear soil diffusion equation. The model is parameterized in terms of an unknown quantity, the lifetime of H202 against heterogeneous catalytic destruction in the soil. Calculated concentrations are compared with a H202 concentration of 30 nmoles/cu cm, inferred from the Viking Labeled Release experiment. A significant result of this model is that for a wide range of H202 lifetimes (up to 105 years), the extinction depth was found to be less than 3 m. The maximum possible concentration in the top 4 cm is calculated to be approx. 240 nmoles/cu cm, achieved with lifetimes of greater than 1000 years. Concentrations higher than 30 nmoles/cu cm require lifetimes of greater than 4.3 terrestrial years. For a wide range of H202 lifetimes, it was found that the atmospheric concentration is only weakly coupled with soil loss processes. Losses to the soil become significant only when lifetimes are less than a few hours. If there are depths below which H202 is not transported, it is plausible that organic compounds, protected from an oxidizing environment, may still exist. They would have been deposited by meteors, or be the organic remains of past life

Elite coaches' experiences of creating pressure training environments for performance enhancement

Recent research supports the practice of pressure training in sport (Bell, Hardy, & Beattie, 2013), yet limited knowledge exists regarding how pressure is systematically created. This study explored how 11 elite coaches developed pressure training environments for the performance enhancement of their athletes. Following thematic analysis of transcribed semi-structured interviews, findings detailed how coaches manipulated a variety of stressors (e.g., task, forfeit, judgment) to manage the demands and consequences of training. Facilitated by individual differences, this process created pressure, defined as the perception that it is important to perform exceptionally. The findings provide a framework for developing pressure, coping mechanisms, and performance in training environments in preparation for future sporting competition