SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF TASTE-MASKED IONIC LIQUID SALTS OF LORATADINE

Objective: To synthesize and evaluate taste-masked ionic liquid (IL) salts of loratadine. Methods: In the present work, pharmaceutically active IL salts of loratadine using selected counter-ions were synthesized. The synthesized IL salts were characterized using melting point, Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). These salts were also evaluated for solubility, dissolution, and palatability studies. Results: All synthesized IL salts of loratadine exhibited melting points below 100 °C. UV spectral data and FTIR data confirmed the formation of new salt forms with selected counter-ions. The absence of sharp melting point peaks during DSC studies revealed the amorphous nature of new salt forms. During XRD studies, loratadine-indomethacin IL salt yields completely amorphous compound while the intensity of characteristic peaks of loratadine was found to be reduced with other counter-ions. Solubility studies revealed that the solubility of loratadine is reduced from 35.85 mg/ml to 3.63 mg/ml, 15.39 mg/ml, 5.31 mg/ml, and 3.71 mg/ml in case of IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, and IL-4, respectively. Dissolution studies further confirmed this finding. Except for oleate, all the IL salts were found to be palatable by subjects with the score ranging from 2.5 to 2.8, which is the standard range for palatability. Conclusion: Results obtained in the present work indicated that IL salts of loratadine can be synthesized successfully using selected counter-ions. This approach can be used to mask the bitter taste of pure loratadine and thus can be used for the development of drug products intended for children

Fuzzy expert system for drinking water quality index

The role of water in human life is significant as it plays a very essential role in the procedure of human body. Fuzzy logic provides an efficient and useful device for classifying drinking water quality based on limited observations. In this study, a Fuzzy Drinking Water Quality Index (FDWQI) is proposed for evaluation of water quality for drinking purpose. Fuzzy expert system makes it possible to combine the certainty levels for the acceptability of water based on an approved parameter

Fuzzy expert system and its utility in various field

Today’s Fuzzy Logic plays an important role in every field of our life. Fuzzy expert system presents expertise knowledge and it has been effectively applied to solve the problems, classification and modeling in such diverse areas as science, engineering, business and medicine. This paper provides an overview of this fuzzy tool and highlights the basic feature of expert system with fuzzy logic.&nbsp

Taxonomic and molecular identification of Verpa bohemica: A newly explored fungi from Rajouri (J&K), India

A species of mushroom, Verpa bohemica was collected from lower Shivalik range of moist temperate Conifer forest of Rajouri and identified on the basis of morphological and molecular characterization. Universal fungus primers (ITS1 and ITS4) were used in amplification process of target region of rDNA (ITS1 5.8S I). Bioinformatics approach was followed for its molecular identification. Its rDNA sequence, when aligned in GenBank by performing BLAST, matches 100% with Verpa bohemica. The rDNA sequence of this species forms a distinct clade from the rest of species of the same genus. This species is being reported and explored first time from Rajouri Dist. of Jammu & Kashmir, India.&nbsp

LEVERAGING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RDF DATA FOR KEYWORD PREDICTION WITH ASSOCIATION RULE MINING (ARM)

The Semantic Web ( Web 3.03.0) has been proposed as an efficient way to access the increasingly large amounts of data on the internet. The Linked Open Data Cloud project at present is the major effort to implement the concepts of the Seamtic Web, addressing the problems of in homogeneity and large data volumes. RKBExplorer is one of many repositories implementing Open Data and contains considerable bibliographic information. Th is paper discusses bibliographic data data, an important part of cloud data. Effective searching of bibliographic datasets can be a challenge as many of the papers residing in these databases do not have sufficient or comprehensive keyword information. In these cases however, a search engine based on RKBExplorer is only able to use information to retrieve papers based on author names and title of papers without keywords keywords. In this paper we attempt to address this problem by using the data mining algorithm Association Rule Mining (ARM ) to develop keywords based on features retrieved from Resource Description Framework (RDF) data within a bibliographic citation. We have demonstrate the applicability of this method for predicting missing keywords for bibliographic entries in several typical databases

Judging causes of soil degradation and remedial measures for reclamation in Kaithal district of Haryana state

Soil degradation is a point of evolution which leads to a reduction of resource potential. About 7.40 m ha arable lands globally turn to degraded lands as a result of climate change and deforestation. The problem of soil degradation has been ever since cultivation of soils started because of increasing population of India at the rate of about 1.8% requiring marginal areas to be brought under the plough to meet the growing food demand. The present study was conducted in Kaithal district in the year 2018-19. The study revealed that ‘Excessive use of chemical fertilizers’ (88.33%) followed by ‘non- judicious use of insecticides/pesticides’ (85.83%), ‘less application of organic manure’ (85.00%), ‘deforestation (78.33%), and ‘over uplifting of ground water’ (75.83%) were found as most important causes of soil degradation. The  most important remedial action for problematic soil were found as ‘land for equal distribution of resources/irrigation’ (90.83%) followed by ‘application of Gypsum for sodic and saline soil’ (85.83%), ‘introduction of legumes in cropping system’ (80.00%), ‘recharge of ground water during rainy season’ (78.33%), ‘crop residue incorporation by happy seeder’ (77.50%), ‘application of green manuring/ organic manure’ (75.00%) and ‘leaching of salts in saline soil’ (72.50%). Soil conservation is important for the future use and future generation. The study would be helpful in soils conservation which may otherwise cause damage to plant growth which in turn may adversely affect yield and there by food security also

Comments on the Refractive Index of Tin Sulphide Nano-crystalline Thin Films

The refractive indices of nano-crystalline thin films of Tin (IV) Sulphide (SnS) were investigated here. The experimental data conformed well with the single oscillator model for refractive indices. Based on the this, we explain the increasing trend of refractive index to the improvement in crystal ordering with increasing grain size.Comment: Nine figure

Design of Low Offset and High Speed CMOS Comparator for Analog to Digital Converter

In today’s world everything is digitized but nature is analog, so it is necessary to have such a device which converts analog signal into digital and for this analog to digital converter is required. Now a day’s ADC’s require lesser power, better slew rate, high speed and less offset. Performance limiting component for ADC’s are amplifiers and comparators in which comparator is the most important.This paper presents the design of low offset low power dissipation and high speed  comparator. The proposed comparator consists of a preamplifier stage, decision stage and self biased output buffer stage. The proposed design uses a low power current mirror circuitry for providing a highly biased current. The circuit is designed using 90nm CMOS process for a supply voltage of 1V and reference voltage of 0.5V and power consumption is approximately 300?W. Keywords: CMOS Comparator, Current Mirror, Pre Amplifier, Output Buffe

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT BIOSURFACTANT EXTRACT FROM SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI AND IN SILICO EVALUATION OF ITS BIOACTIVITY

Objective: Natural biosurfactants can replace synthetic surfactants and find applications in cosmetic products. Saponin extracts from Sapindus mukorossi fruits have emulsifying properties and have traditionally been used in hair care treatments. Their utility can be enhanced by studying their antimicrobial activity against common skin and other microorganisms.Methods: Aqueous biosurfactant extracts were prepared from fruits of S. mukorossi. Concentrated and diluted extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus, Brevibacterium linens, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens by the well diffusion method and measuring the zone of inhibition. In silico biological activity of different saponins present in S. mukorossi was studied using the software Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS).Results: Concentrated extracts were most active against all the target microorganisms. Gram positive organisms were inhibited more than Gram negative ones. Diluted extracts produced comparable inhibition zones, suggesting that the extent of dilution does not affect the antimicrobial activity further. In silico evaluation showed that major saponin types (Sapindoside B, Sapinmusaponin A, Sapinmusaponin F and Sapinmusaponin N) had antibacterial activity with probable activity to probable inactivity (Pa>Pi) values less than the threshold level of 0.7.Conclusion: Biosurfactant (saponin) extracts from S. mukorossi, can be included in herbal care products not only for their emulsifying properties, but also for their antimicrobial effect. While in silico study showed less than threshold level of antibacterial activity, the combination of all these saponin types together probably contributed to the synergistic antibacterial activity.Â

Design of Low Voltage Improved performance Current Mirror

This paper proposes a low voltage current mirror circuit with low input impedance and high output impedance. These improvements are obtained by adding an amplifier which provides biasing voltage to the transistors. Its operation and results are compared with conventional and cascode current mirror circuits. The circuits are designed using Tanner EDA Tool in 90nm CMOS technology with 0.8V supply voltage. Simulation results shows that the minimum output voltage is reduced to 0.1 V, also input resistance is reduced to 0.179k? and consumes only 46µW power. Keywords: Current mirror, Input resistance Output resistance, Input compliance voltage, Output compliance voltage