Innovation Process in the Energy Transformation Sector: A Case Study for Diesel Driven Heat Pump Development

Peter Moeller's case study is the result of cooperation between the Innovation Task Group at IIASA and the Institute of Prognosis and Applied Research in Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany. Dr. Moeller worked at IIASA for one month and during this time the conceptual framework and the first draft of his study were completed. In developing the relative efficiency approach he comes to an interesting formula for market price calculation, which can also be useful in other technologies

Do shareholders of acquiring firms gain from acquisitions?

We examine a sample of 12,023 acquisitions by public firms from 1980 to 2001. Shareholders of these firms lost a total of $218 billion when acquisitions were announced. Though shareholders lose throughout our sample period, losses associated with acquisition announcements after 1997 are dramatic. Small firms gain from acquisitions, so that shareholders of small firms gained$8 billion when acquisitions were announced and shareholders of large firms lost $226 billion. We examine the cross-sectional variation in the announcement returns of acquisitions. Small firm shareholders earn systematically more when acquisitions are announced. This size effect is typically more important than how an acquisition is financed and than the organizational form of the assets acquired. The only acquisitions that have positive aggregate gains are acquisitions of subsidiaries.

Foundations of Federalism: An Exchange

Our manuscript entitled The Foundations of Federalism: An Exchange is occasioned by the Supreme Court\u27s federalism jurisprudence which, in our judgment, calls for a broad ranging exploration of the constitutional concept of federalism itself. That exploration takes place in the form of a dialog between us which, while rewritten from its original form, nevertheless reflects our actual exchanges over an 18 month period. Our conclusion is that such terms as sovereignty generally have no place in American constitutional federalism, that the Supreme Court\u27s efforts to enforce federalism limitations have been ineffective and, in some instances, counterproductive, and most basically that federalism itself is best seen in non-theoretical terms, but instead as a practical and untidy system of occasions for sober second thought by federal and state governments engaged in the federal legislative process. On federal-state power conflicts, the Constitution should be seen as a purposeful incompletely theorized agreement, to quote Cass Sunstein

Half-lives of rp-process waiting point nuclei

We give results of microscopic calculations for the half-lives of various proton-rich nuclei in the mass region A=60-90, which are involved in the astrophysical rp-process, and which are needed as input parameters of numerical simulations in Nuclear Astrophysics. The microscopic formalism consists of a deformed QRPA approach that involves a selfconsistent quasiparticle deformed Skyrme Hartree-Fock basis and residual spin-isospin separable forces in both the particle-hole and particle-particle channels. The strength of the particle-hole residual interaction is chosen to be consistent with the Skyrme effective force and mean field basis, while that of the particle-particle is globally fixed to 0.07 MeV after a judicious choice from comparison to experimental half-lives. We study and discuss the sensitivity of the half-lives to deformation and residual interactions.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Eur. Phys. J.

Energy Momentum Tensor and Marginal Deformations in Open String Field Theory

Marginal boundary deformations in a two dimensional conformal field theory correspond to a family of classical solutions of the equations of motion of open string field theory. In this paper we develop a systematic method for relating the parameter labelling the marginal boundary deformation in the conformal field theory to the parameter labelling the classical solution in open string field theory. This is done by first constructing the energy-momentum tensor associated with the classical solution in open string field theory using Noether method, and then comparing this to the answer obtained in the conformal field theory by analysing the boundary state. We also use this method to demonstrate that in open string field theory the tachyon lump solution on a circle of radius larger than one has vanishing pressure along the circle direction, as is expected for a codimension one D-brane.Comment: LaTeX file, 25 pages; v2: minor addition

The Evolution of Universe with th B-I Type Phantom Scalar Field

We considered the phantom cosmology with a lagrangian $\displaystyle L=\frac{1}{\eta}[1-\sqrt{1+\eta g^{\mu\nu}\phi_{, \mu}\phi_{, \nu}}]-u(\phi)$, which is original from the nonlinear Born-Infeld type scalar field with the lagrangian $\displaystyle L=\frac{1}{\eta}[1-\sqrt{1-\eta g^{\mu\nu}\phi_{, \mu}\phi_{, \nu}}]-u(\phi)$. This cosmological model can explain the accelerated expansion of the universe with the equation of state parameter $w\leq-1$. We get a sufficient condition for a arbitrary potential to admit a late time attractor solution: the value of potential $u(X_c)$ at the critical point $(X_c,0)$ should be maximum and large than zero. We study a specific potential with the form of $u(\phi)=V_0(1+\frac{\phi}{\phi_0})e^{(-\frac{\phi}{\phi_0})}$ via phase plane analysis and compute the cosmological evolution by numerical analysis in detail. The result shows that the phantom field survive till today (to account for the observed late time accelerated expansion) without interfering with the nucleosynthesis of the standard model(the density parameter $\Omega_{\phi}\simeq10^{-12}$ at the equipartition epoch), and also avoid the future collapse of the universe.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures,typos corrected, references added,figures added and enriched, title changed, main result remaine

Tachyon cosmology with non-vanishing minimum potential: a unified model

We investigate the tachyon condensation process in the effective theory with non-vanishing minimum potential and its implications to cosmology. It is shown that the tachyon condensation on an unstable three-brane described by this modified tachyon field theory leads to lower-dimensional branes (defects) forming within a stable three-brane. Thus, in the cosmological background, we can get well-behaved tachyon matter after tachyon inflation, (partially) avoiding difficulties encountered in the original tachyon cosmological models. This feature also implies that the tachyon inflated and reheated universe is followed by a Chaplygin gas dark matter and dark energy universe. Hence, such an unstable three-brane behaves quite like our universe, reproducing the key features of the whole evolutionary history of the universe and providing a unified description of inflaton, dark matter and dark energy in a very simple single-scalar field model.Comment: 18 p