470 research outputs found
Plasma heating in the very early and decay phases of solar flares
In this paper we analyze the energy budgets of two single-loop solar flares
under the assumption that non-thermal electrons are the only source of plasma
heating during all phases of both events. The flares were observed by the
Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) and Geostationary
Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) on September 20, 2002 and March 17,
2002, respectively. For both investigated flares we derived the energy fluxes
contained in non-thermal electron beams from the RHESSI observational data
constrained by observed GOES light-curves. We showed that energy delivered by
non-thermal electrons was fully sufficient to fulfil the energy budgets of the
plasma during the pre-heating and impulsive phases of both flares as well as
during the decay phase of one of them. We concluded that in the case of the
investigated flares there was no need to use any additional ad-hoc heating
mechanisms other than heating by non-thermal electrons.Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures, The Astrophysical Journal (accepted, March
2011
Plasma heating in the very early phase of solar flares
In this paper we analyze soft and hard X-ray emission of the 2002 September
20 M1.8 GOES class solar flare observed by RHESSI and GOES satellites. In this
flare event, soft X-ray emission precedes the onset of the main bulk hard X-ray
emission by ~5 min. This suggests that an additional heating mechanism may be
at work at the early beginning of the flare. However RHESSI spectra indicate
presence of the non-thermal electrons also before impulsive phase. So, we
assumed that a dominant energy transport mechanism during rise phase of solar
flares is electron beam-driven evaporation. We used non-thermal electron beams
derived from RHESSI spectra as the heating source in a hydrodynamic model of
the analyzed flare. We showed that energy delivered by non-thermal electron
beams is sufficient to heat the flare loop to temperatures in which it emits
soft X-ray closely following the GOES 1-8 A light-curve. We also analyze the
number of non-thermal electrons, the low energy cut-off, electron spectral
indices and the changes of these parameters with time.Comment: Comments: 17 pages, 5 figures, The Astrophysical Journal Letters
(accepted, October 2009
Relationship between Hard and Soft X-ray Emission Components of a Solar Flare
X-ray observations of solar flares routinely reveal an impulsive high-energy
and a gradual low-energy emission component, whose relationship is one of the
key issues of solar flare study. The gradual and impulsive emission components
are believed to be associated with, respectively, the thermal and nonthermal
components identified in spectral fitting. In this paper, a prominent about 50
second hard X-ray (HXR) pulse of a simple GOES class C7.5 flare on 20 February
2002 is used to study the association between high energy, non-thermal and
impulsive evolution, and low energy, thermal and gradual evolution. We use
regularized methods to obtain time derivatives of photon fluxes to quantify the
time evolution as a function of photon energy, obtaining a break energy between
impulsive and gradual behavior. These break energies are consistent with a
constant value of about 11 keV in agreement with those found spectroscopically
between thermal and non-thermal components, but the relative errors of the
former are greater than 15% and much greater than the a few percent errors
found from the spectral fitting. These errors only weakly depend on assuming an
underlying spectral model for the photons, pointing to the current data being
inadequate to reduce the uncertainties rather than there being a problem
associated with an assumed model. The time derivative method is used to test
for the presence of a 'pivot energy' in this flare. Although these pivot
energies are marginally consistent with a constant value of about 9 keV, its
values in the HXR rise phase appear to be lower than those in the decay phase
The space physics environment data analysis system (SPEDAS)
With the advent of the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO), a complement of multi-spacecraft missions and ground-based observatories to study the space environment, data retrieval, analysis, and visualization of space physics data can be daunting. The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), a grass-roots software development platform (www.spedas.org), is now officially supported by NASA Heliophysics as part of its data environment infrastructure. It serves more than a dozen space missions and ground observatories and can integrate the full complement of past and upcoming space physics missions with minimal resources, following clear, simple, and well-proven guidelines. Free, modular and configurable to the needs of individual missions, it works in both command-line (ideal for experienced users) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) mode (reducing the learning curve for first-time users). Both options have âcrib-sheets,â user-command sequences in ASCII format that can facilitate record-and-repeat actions, especially for complex operations and plotting. Crib-sheets enhance scientific interactions, as users can move rapidly and accurately from exchanges of technical information on data processing to efficient discussions regarding data interpretation and science. SPEDAS can readily query and ingest all International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP)-compatible products from the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), enabling access to a vast collection of historic and current mission data. The planned incorporation of Heliophysics Application Programmerâs Interface (HAPI) standards will facilitate data ingestion from distributed datasets that adhere to these standards. Although SPEDAS is currently Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based (and interfaces to Java-based tools such as Autoplot), efforts are under-way to expand it further to work with python (first as an interface tool and potentially even receiving an under-the-hood replacement). We review the SPEDAS development history, goals, and current implementation. We explain its âmodes of useâ with examples geared for users and outline its technical implementation and requirements with software developers in mind. We also describe SPEDAS personnel and software management, interfaces with other organizations, resources and support structure available to the community, and future development plans.Published versio
Improving Outcomes After Relapse in Ewing's Sarcoma: Analysis of 114 Patients From a Single Institution
The outcome for patients with relapsed Ewing's sarcoma is poor. A retrospective analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with improved survival. Between 1992 and 2002, 114 patients presented with relapsed or progressive disease. Median time to progression/relapse was 13 months (range, 2â128). Treatment at relapse included high dose treatment (HDT) in 29 patients, and surgery or definitive radiotherapy in 29. 2 and 5-year post relapse survival (PRS) was 23.5% and 15.2%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the most significant factors associated with improved survival were disease confined locally or to the lungs (2-year PRS, 40% versus 6%; P < .001), relapse > 18 months from diagnosis (2-year PRS, 53% versus 8%; P < .001), HDT at relapse (2-year PRS, 62% versus 11%; P < .001), and surgery and/or radiotherapy at relapse (2-year PRS, 51% versus 14%; P < .001). First treatment failure in Ewing's sarcoma is mostly fatal. Improved survival can be achieved in selective patients with aggressive treatment. These improvements are confined to those without bone or bone marrow metastases
- âŚ