Shrimp industry in and around Mandapam

Mandapam is an important place in view of living marine resources, particularly the. shrimp. The. Term 'Shrimp' includes prawns and lobsters, Shrimp industry has its full compliment of infrastructure facilities from building trawlers, to processing at Mandapam

Overexpression Analysis of emv2 gene coding for Late Embryogenesis Abundant Protein from Vigna radiata (Wilczek)

Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are speculated to protect against water stress deficit in plants. An over expression system for mungbean late embryogenesis abundant protein, emv2 was constructed in a pET29a vector, designated pET-emv2 which is responsible for higher expression under the transcriptional/translational control of T7/lac promoter incorporated in the Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3).Induction protocol was optimized for pET recombinants harboring the target gene. Overexpressed EMV2 protein was purified to homogeneity and the protein profile monitored by SDS-PAGE

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Anteroposterior Diameter of Midbrain – Differentiation of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy from Parkinson Disease.

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), Also Known As Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome, Is A Neurodegenerative Disease That Affects Cognition, Eye Movements, And Posture . PSP Was First Described As A Clinico Pathologic Entity In 1964. Characteristics Include Supranuclear, Primarily Vertical, Gaze Dysfunction Accompanied By Extra Pyramidal Symptoms And Cognitive Dysfunction. The Disease Usually Develops After The Sixth Decade Of Life, And The Diagnosis Is Purely Clinical. The Mean Age At Onset Is Approximately 63 Years, With A Range Of 44-75 Years .The Median Interval Between Onset And Diagnosis Is 3 Years, With A Range Of 6 Months To 9 Years The Onset Of PSP Is Insidious, And Usually A Prolonged Phase Of Vague Fatigue, Headaches, Arthralgias, Dizziness, And Depression Occurs. Patients Also Develop Subtle Personality Changes, Memory Problems, And Pseudobulbar Symptoms, And Family Members Are Often A More Accurate Source Of Such Information Than The Patient. The Initial Symptoms Can Often Involve Unexplained Imbalance Or Falls. Over Time, Dysarthria, Dysphagia, And Visual Symptoms Ensue The Most Common Symptoms At Disease Onset Were Postural Instability And Falls (63%); Dysarthria (35%); Bradykinesia (13%); And Visual Disturbances Such As Diplopia, Blurred Vision, Burning Eyes, And Light Sensitivity (13%) . The Cardinal Manifestations Of PSP Are Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia Pseudobulbar Palsy; Prominent Neck Dystonia; Parkinsonism; Behavioral, Cognitive, And Gait Disturbances That Cause Imbalance; And Frequent Falls. Although Presentations Vary And Early Predominance Of A Particular Symptom Is Not Unusual, A Greater Spectrum Of Symptoms Inevitably Ensues Over Time. Several Other Features Have Been Reported, Including Sleep Disturbance With Insomnia, Clumsiness, Impaired Handwriting, And Oscillopsia. Although The Full Constellation Of Symptoms Occurring In A Progressive Fashion Over Time Is Characteristic, The Vertical Gaze Palsy Is The Most Distinctive Single Clinical Feature. Other Features That Can Be Prominent Include Focal Or Segmental Dystonia In The Form Of Limb Dystonia Or Blepharospasm (Barclay, 1997).[ 1] Patients Can Also Have Asymmetric Apraxia Resembling Corticobasal Degeneration Clinical Examination Slow Vertical Saccades And Square Wave Jerks Are Early Signs In Most Patients. The Classic Gaze Palsy In PSP Is Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia. Supranuclear In This Context Refers To A Lesion Above The Ocular Motor Nuclei, Thus Sparing The Ocular Motor Nuclei, Nerve Fascicles, And Neuromuscular Junctional And Extraocular Muscles. Examination Features Serve To Establish That The Infranuclear Structures Are Intact And That The Lesion Lies Within The Supranuclear Domain. A Supranuclear Vertical Gaze Limitation Is Improved Following Extravolitional Pathway Activation, Such As The Vestibular Ocular Reflex (VOR) Or The Bell Phenomenon. The Bell Phenomenon Consists Of Upward Eye Deviation Behind Closed Lids. This Can Be Assessed Clinically By Partially Holding The Eyelid Open And Instructing The Patient To Try Forcefully Closing The Eye. The Vertical VOR Can Be Activated By Manually Flexing And Extending The Neck While The Patient Views A Distant Target. If The Extent Of The Vertical Eye Movement Limitation Is Improved With Either Of These Maneuvers, Then The Lesion Is Supranuclear In Origin. Measurement Of Ocular Alignment In The Cardinal Positions Of Gaze At Near And Distance Viewing Often Discloses The Source Of Any Diplopic Symptoms. Examination Of The Eyelid Position And Movements May Yield Critical Information. The Characteristic Facies, Especially When Associated With Dysarthria, May Provide A Nearly Pathognomonic Clinical Picture The Histopathology Of PSP Involves Diffuse Brainstem Disease. Neuronal Loss, Nfts, And Gliosis Affect The Reticular Formation And Ocular Motor Nuclei. Early Pathology Is Evident Primarily In The Mid Brain, Perhaps Explaining The Early Vertical Eye Movement Characteristics. The Pontine Nucleus Raphe Interpositus And Pedunculopontine And Deep Pontine Nuclei Are Also Affected. The Distribution And Ultrastructure Of Nfts In PSP Is Distinct From Those Found In Alzheimer Disease. PSP Is Associated With More Subcortical Involvement, With 15- To 20-Nm Wide Single Tubules, Compared To The Cortically Based Paired Helicoidal Filaments Of Alzheimer Disease. In One Series, Examination Of PSP Cases Revealed The Uniform Presence Of Tpositive Cortical Lesions. These Were Found In Highest Concentration In The Precentral And Angular Gyrus, Primarily Affecting The Deep Cortical Layers, And Involved Both Small And Large Neurons. These Characteristics Are Distinct From The NFT Pattern Observed In Alzheimer Disease. NFT Concentration Analysis Appeared To Implicate The Pedunculopontine Nucleus In Lesion Spread. Although Nfts Are The Histologic Hallmarks Of PSP, Neuropil Threads Have Also Been Found Extensively. Besides The Brainstem Structures, The Striatum, Medial Pallidum, Subthalamic Nucleus, And The Substantia Nigra Are Also Affected. The Clinical Diagnosis Of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Particularly Its Differential Diagnosis With Parkinson Disease (PD), Can Be Difficult, Especially In Early Stages , However, The Differential Diagnosis Between Progressive Supranuclear Palsy And Parkinson Disease Is Important, Because The Prognosis Of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Is Worse Than That Of Parkinson Disease. Clinical Criteria Criteria For Possible PSP Are As Follows: Gradually Progressive Disorder With Onset When The Individual Is Aged 40 Years Or Older Either Vertical Supranuclear Palsy Or Both Slowing Of Vertical Saccades And Prominent Postural Instability With Falls In The First Year Of Onset No Evidence Of Other Diseases That Can Explain The Clinical Features Criteria For Probable PSP Are Vertical Supranuclear Palsy With Prominent Postural Instability, Falls In The First Year Of Onset, And Other Features Of Possible PSP, As Follows: Symmetric Proximal Greater Than Distal Akinesia Or Rigidity Abnormal Neck Posture, Especially Retrocollis Poor Or Absent Response Of Parkinsonism To Levodopa Therapy Early Dysphagia And Dysarthria Early Cognitive Impairment With At Least 2 Of The Following: Apathy, Abstract Thought Impairment, Decreased Verbal Fluency, Imitation Behavior, Or Frontal Release Sign In The Last 10 Years, MR Imaging Investigations Of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Have Shown Abnormalities Mainly Involving The Midbrain; Such Changes Include Atrophy, Abnormal T2 Hyperintensity In The Tegmentum, And Narrowing Of The Substantia Nigra . However, The Introduction Of MR Imaging Into The Routine Workup Of Patients With Suspected Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Or Other Parkisonian Syndromes Has Been Hampered By Its Low Sensitivity And Poor Specificity And Also By High Variability, Which Can Be Heavily Influenced By The Neuroradiologist’s Experience. Reports Have Shown That The Quantitative Evaluation Of Midbrain Atrophy, Based On Its Anteroposterior (AP) Diameter Calculation, Is Useful In The Differential Diagnosis Of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy And Parkinson Disease, Because It Is More Reproducible And Less Affected By Reader Experienc

Performance Comparisons of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a network temporarily without any support of central administration. Moreover, Every node in MANET moves arbitrarily making the multi-hop network topology to change randomly at unpredictable times. There are several familiar routing protocols like DSDV, AODV, DSR, etc...which have been proposed for providing communication among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents a performance comparison of proactive and reactive protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay by using the NS-2 simulator.Comment: 9 Pages,10 Figures, 3 Table

Shrimp hatchery

Successful spawning of Penaeus japonicus under controlled conditions and their subsequent rearing upto the juvenile stage by Hudinaga (1942) and his team paved way for the large scale hatchery production of shrimp seed for aquaculture

The Saito-Kurokawa lifting and Darmon points

Let E_{/_\Q} be an elliptic curve of conductor $Np$ with $p\nmid N$ and let $f$ be its associated newform of weight 2. Denote by $f_\infty$ the $p$-adic Hida family passing though $f$, and by $F_\infty$ its $\Lambda$-adic Saito-Kurokawa lift. The $p$-adic family $F_\infty$ of Siegel modular forms admits a formal Fourier expansion, from which we can define a family of normalized Fourier coefficients $\{\widetilde A_T(k)\}_T$ indexed by positive definite symmetric half-integral matrices $T$ of size $2\times 2$. We relate explicitly certain global points on $E$ (coming from the theory of Stark-Heegner points) with the values of these Fourier coefficients and of their $p$-adic derivatives, evaluated at weight $k=2$.Comment: 14 pages. Title change

Dyon Spectrum in CHL Models

We propose a formula for the degeneracy of quarter BPS dyons in a class of CHL models. The formula uses a modular form of a subgroup of the genus two modular group Sp(2,Z). Our proposal is S-duality invariant and reproduces correctly the entropy of a dyonic black hole to first non-leading order for large values of the charges.Comment: LaTeX file, 38 pages, minor changes in section 3.3(v2), minor changes in introduction, appendix A and C(v3

Evaluation of immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs during early stage of infection under farm conditions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes chronic, economically devastating disease in pigs of all ages. Frequent mutations in the viral genome result in viruses with immune escape mutants. Irrespective of regular vaccination, control of PRRSV remains a challenge to swine farmers. In PRRSV-infected pigs, innate cytokine IFN-α is inhibited and the adaptive arm of the immunity is delayed. To elucidate both cellular and innate cytokine responses at very early stages of PRRSV infection, seven weeks old pigs maintained on a commercial pig farm were infected and analyzed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>One pig in a pen containing 25 pigs was PRRSV infected and responses from this pig and one penmate were assessed two days later. All the infected and a few of the contact neighbor pigs were viremic. At day 2 post-infection, approximately 50% of viremic pigs had greater than 50% reduction in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and nearly a 1-fold increase in IFN-α production was detected in blood of a few pigs. Enhanced secretion of IL-4 (in ~90%), IL-12 (in ~40%), and IL-10 (in ~20%) (but not IFN-γ) in PRRSV infected pigs was observed. In addition, reduced frequency of myeloid cells, CD4^-CD8⁺T cells, and CD4⁺CD8⁺T cells and upregulated frequency of lymphocytes bearing natural T regulatory cell phenotype were detected in viremic pigs. Interestingly, all viremic contact pigs also had comparable immune cell modulations.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Replicating PRRSV in both infected and contact pigs was found to be responsible for rapid modulation in NK cell-meditated cytotoxicity and alteration in the production of important immune cytokines. PRRSV-induced immunological changes observed simultaneously at both cellular and cytokine levels early post-infection appear to be responsible for the delay in generation of adaptive immunity. As the study was performed in pigs maintained under commercial environmental conditions, this study has practical implications in design of protective vaccines.</p

An Outbreak of Cholera Associated with an Unprotected Well in Parbatia, Orissa, Eastern India

In November 2003, an outbreak (41 cases; attack rate–4.3%; no deaths) of severe diarrhoea was reported from a village in Orissa, eastern India. Thirteen of these cases were hospitalized. A matched case-control study was conducted to identify the possible exposure variables. Since all wells were heavily chlorinated immediately after the outbreak, water samples were not tested. The cases were managed symptomatically. Descriptive epidemiology suggested clustering of cases around one public well. Vibrio cholerae El Tor O1, serotype Ogawa was isolated from four of six rectal swabs. The water from the public well was associated with the outbreak (matched odds ratio: 12; 95% confidence interval 1.2–44.1). On the basis of these conclusions, access to the well was barred immediately, and it was protected. This investigation highlighted the broader use of field epidemiology methods to implement public-health actions guided by epidemiologic data to control a cholera epidemic