Critical phenomena: 150 years since Cagniard de la Tour

Critical phenomena were discovered by Cagniard de la Tour in 1822, who died 150 years ago. In order to mark this anniversary, the context and the early history of his discovery is reviewed. We then follow with a brief sketch of the history of critical phenomena, indicating the main lines of development until the present date. Os fen\'omenos cr\'{\i}ticos foram descobertos pelo Cagniard de la Tour em Paris em 1822. Para comemorar os 150 anos da sua morte, o contexto e a hist\'oria initial da sua descoberta \'e contada. Conseguimos com uma descri\c{c}\~ao breve da hist\'oria dos fen\'emenos cr\'{\i}ticos, indicando as linhas principais do desenvolvimento at\'e o presente.Comment: Latex2e, 8 pp, 3 eps figures include

Chemistry and the Science of Transformation in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

This essay reads the novel in a new way, examining the way that Victor Frankenstein's chemical education (he does not train to be a doctor!) enables his creation of the monster. It reveals that chemists of the period had a different worldview to others where they saw the world in constant transformation and flux. I have written this essay co-written the introduction to the special issue, and co-edited the whole

Etude comparative des quatre porte-greffe du pommier. PAJAM 1 LANCEP PAJAM 2 CEPILLAND - M9 EMLA et M26

5 illus. 14 tables 4 graph.National audienc

Pelvic-floor muscle rehabilitation in erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation

International audienceBackground. In men, involuntary or voluntary ischiocavemosus muscle contractions after erection lead to intracavernous blood pressures far higher than the systolic pressure, which builds and maintains penile rigidity. Thus, erectile dysfunction may be partly due to ischiocavernosus muscle atrophy and may be treated by rehabilitation interventions.Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pelvic-floor muscle strengthening interventions could be associated with increases in intracavemous pressure that would increase penile rigidity.Design. An observational study was conducted.Methods. One hundred twenty-two men with isolated erectile dysfunction and 108 men with isolated premature ejaculation participated (no neuromuscular diseases or previous perineal rehabilitation). Thirty-minute sessions of voluntary contractions coupled with electrical stimulation were designed to increase ischiocavernosus muscle strength (monitored through intracavemous pressure increase). A linear mixed-effects model per group analyzed separately, then jointly, the maximum change in pressure (Delta P) and the maximum baseline (ie, respectively, the average contraction-generated difference in intracavemous pressure and the intracavemous pressure plateau at full erection, both measured during the highest moving average of the best 2 minutes of each session).Results. Over 20 sessions, the maximum Delta P increased in erectile dysfunction as well as in premature ejaculation (87% and 88%, respectively, in men with positive trends). The maximum baseline also increased (99% and 72%, respectively, in men with positive trends). The joint modeling indicated that the mean expected progressions of the intracavemous pressure after 5 sessions in erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation were 62.85 and 64.15 cm H2O, respectively.Limitations. Indirect measurements were obtained of intracavernous pressure and ischiocavemosus muscle force.Conclusions. Pelvic-floor muscle rehabilitation was found to be beneficial in erectile dysfunction. However, its effects on symptoms of premature ejaculation, despite intracavemous pressure gains, were much more difficult to assess. The definitive proof of its benefits requires rather difficult-to-design clinical trials