Water metabolism regulating mechanisms in hypokinesia

The range of daily fluctuations of the proportion of the amount of consumed water and its content in the body was evaluated by means of a water metabolism regulation factor. This index constitutes a relative measure of fluctuations of the constant of tritium water elimination from the body per 24 hours. It is established that under conditions of long term hypokinesia regulation of water metabolism is disturbed both in humans and in animals. Still more marked changes are observed 2 to 3 weeks after restoration of motor activity. The shifts noted are evidence of general biological regularity of disturbance of regulation systems in long term restriction of motor activity and in the early restoration period

Changes of some blood indices and myocardial electrolyte content during hypokinesia

Using special hypokinetic cages, the volume changes of circulating blood, its hematocrit and protein content, volume ratios between extra- and intracellular liquids in the body, as well as electrolyte content in the blood and myocardium during hypokinesia were investigated experimentally in rabbits

Fundamental Gates for a Strongly Correlated Two-Electron Quantum Ring

We demonstrate that conditional as well as unconditional basic operations which are prerequisite for universal quantum gates can be performed with almost 100% fidelity within a strongly interacting two-electron quantum ring. Both sets of operations are based on a quantum control algorithm that optimizes a driving electromagnetic pulse for a given quantum gate. The demonstrated transitions occur on a time scale much shorter than typical decoherence times of the system.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, copyright 2010 The American Physical Societ

Swedish King Charles XII and the Development of Russia as a Great Empire

The results of the personality analysis of the Swedish king Charles XII are presented. Sweden was led by a bright charismatic personality with his own concept of government and his military leadership style - King Charles XII. The questions of the influence of personality and the concept of the reign of Charles XII on the course and results of his state and military activities are examined. The author of the article claims that it was Charles XII’s personal qualities that “helped” Peter I to fully unleash the potential inherent in him by nature, upbringing and education. A connection is made between these historical figures: the more stubbornly and longer the king embodied his life concept into reality, put his paradigm of ideas into action, the more he made it possible for Tsar Peter I to express his genius as a statesman, commander and naval commander. It is proved that the fundamental personality traits of the Swedish king, his stubborn longstanding, accompanied by the highest degree of resource mobilization, the war with Peter I contributed to the formation of the corresponding counterweight - the Russian Empire. In the author’s opinion, if history had not given Peter I such a charismatic adversary, he would have every chance to make it into history as Tsar Peter I, but not as Emperor Peter the Great. It is emphasized that the stubbornness, uncompromisingness of Charles XII, paradoxically, created Great Russia

Experimental investigation of the role of thyrocalcitonin in the prophylaxis of disturbances in the water-salt and mineral metabolism during a 30-day hypokinesia

The effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) injections on the metabolism of water and electrolytes in free-moving and immobilized chinchilla hares is described. Calcium excretion from immobilized animals was elevated, but normalized in those also receiving TCT injections. TCT also normalized water content and excretion rates

“Genuine anecdotes about Peter the Great” by J. Shtelin, Translated by A. A. Nartov — an Unknown Monument of Russian Literature of 18th Century

The problem of the development of a small literary genre of historical anecdote in Russia in the second half of the 18th century is researched. The question is raised on the manuscript of the translation of “Genuine anecdotes about Peter the Great” by Academician J. Shtelin (1709—1785) into Russian, which was made by the famous person of the Age of Enlightenment A. A. Nartov (1736/1737—1813) in 1785. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the article is the first study of the manuscript, which remained unpublished and was not the subject of research. It is proved that Nartov’s translation of Shtelin’s work became an impetus for him to create his own historical and literary work, now known as Nartov’s Tales of Peter the Great (1786). It is concluded that Nartov’s collection of historical anecdotes is a literary work, which was created with extensive use of Shtelin’s “Genuine anecdotes about Peter the Great”. The study of Nartov’s manuscript also made it possible to establish that the author of the first translation of Shtelin’s work published in Russia (1785) was the famous translator and publisher P. I. Bogdanovich

“Genuine Anecdotes about Peter the Great” by J. Shtelin (at the Origins of Historical Anecdote Genre in Russia)

The article is devoted to the study of the collection of historical anecdotes about Peter the Great by J. Shtelin (1709—1785), first published in 1785 in German in Leipzig. It is proved that historical anecdotes (about Peter the Great) as a genre of literature appeared in Russia in the second half of the 1730s. According to the author, they appeared on the basis of the stories about Peter the Great that were widespread in society. It is reported that the first collection of historical anecdotes about Peter the Great created by Jakob Shtelin is a collection of 34 anecdotes from 1744. It is noted that later on he created collections of 95, 110 and 117 anecdotes. The study has shown that Shtelin's historical anecdotes are the result of a deep literary reworking of the messages and legends he heard. It is revealed that Jakob Shtelin worked on the transformation of the sketches written by him, based on the oral stories he heard, into historical anecdotes for over 40 years. It is argued that as a result, the publication of his historical anecdotes in 1785 was a resounding success in Europe, including Russia, and marked the beginning of the flourishing of this genre in Russia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

Second order gradient ascent pulse engineering

We report some improvements to the gradient ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE) algorithm for optimal control of quantum systems. These include more accurate gradients, convergence acceleration using the BFGS quasi-Newton algorithm as well as faster control derivative calculation algorithms. In all test systems, the wall clock time and the convergence rates show a considerable improvement over the approximate gradient ascent.Comment: Submitted for publicatio

Mechanisms of water-salt metabolism disturbances in dogs subjected to six month hypokinesia

Water-salt metabolism in dogs during prolonged restricted motor activity (hypokinesia) was investigated. It was found that hydration occurred and fluid was redistributed between the extra- and intra-cellular sectors. Also, electrolyte excretion rose, and magnetism and calcium metabolism changed significantly. It is concluded that the forces caused by muscle strain proper (which was decreased under conditions of hypokinesia) influence the state of bone metabolism

Photon storage in Lambda-type optically dense atomic media. II. Free-space model

In a recent paper [Gorshkov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 123601 (2007)], we presented a universal physical picture for describing a wide range of techniques for storage and retrieval of photon wave packets in Lambda-type atomic media in free space, including the adiabatic reduction of the photon group velocity, pulse-propagation control via off-resonant Raman techniques, and photon-echo based techniques. This universal picture produced an optimal control strategy for photon storage and retrieval applicable to all approaches and yielded identical maximum efficiencies for all of them. In the present paper, we present the full details of this analysis as well some of its extensions, including the discussion of the effects of non-degeneracy of the two lower levels of the Lambda system. The analysis in the present paper is based on the intuition obtained from the study of photon storage in the cavity model in the preceding paper [Gorshkov et al., Phys. Rev. A 76, 033804 (2007)].Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures. V2: significant changes in presentation, new references, higher resolution of figure