Water-salt metabolism in dogs during prolonged restricted motor activity (hypokinesia) was investigated. It was found that hydration occurred and fluid was redistributed between the extra- and intra-cellular sectors. Also, electrolyte excretion rose, and magnetism and calcium metabolism changed significantly. It is concluded that the forces caused by muscle strain proper (which was decreased under conditions of hypokinesia) influence the state of bone metabolism

Ilyushko, N. A.

Kondratyev, Y. I.

Kondratyeva, V. A.

Korolkov, V. I.

Kovalenko, Y. A.

Krotov, V. P.

English

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NASA TYL--76170
MECHANISMS OF WATER-SALT METABOLISM DISTURBANCES IN
DOGS ',u3JECTED TO SIX-MONTH HYPOKINESIA
V. I. Korol'kov, Ye. A. Kovalenko, V. P. Krotov, N. A.
Ilyushko, V. A. Kondrat'yeva and Yu. I. Kondrat'yev
Translation of "O mekhanizmakh narusheniya vodno-solevogo obmena u sobak
pri polugodovoy gipokinezii", Patologicheskaya Fiziologiya i Eksperimental'naya
Terapiya, No. 6, 1977, pp 32-35
(NASA-TM- 76170) MECHANISMS OF WATER-SALT
	 N80-27984METABOLISM DISTURBANCES IN DOGS SUBJECTED TC
SIX MONTH HY:POKINESIA (National Aeronautics
and Space Administration) 9 p HC A02/11f A01
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WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546	 MAY 1980
STAN DARD It", Lf PAGE
'SWN N-761 0	 7• Government Accosi,ion No.i
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Mechanisms of Water-Salt Metabolism Distur-
bances in Dogs Subjected to Six-Month 6. Porform { np Oiganitetian Cad.
^Hynokinesia
7.	 Audtor(t) j	 3, postoptAing organisation Report No,
V. I. Korol'kov, Ye. A. Kovalenko, V. P. Krotov,
N. A. Ilyushko, V. A. Kondrat'yeva and Yu. I.
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Translation of "0 mekhanizmakh narusheniya vodno-solevogo obmena u sobak
pri polugodovoy gipokinezii",Patologicheskaya Fiziologiys i Eksperi-
mental'naya Terapiya, No 6, 1977, pp 32-35
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A prolonged limiting of the motor activity decreased the organism
hydration, led to fluid redistribution between its extra- and intra-
cellular sectors. Electrolyte excretion rose. Magnesium and calcium
metabolism changed more significantly. Apparently, forces caused by
the muscle strain proper (which was decreased under conditions of
hypokinesia) influence the state of bone metabolism.
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UDC 612.766.2-08:612.014.461.3
MECHANISMS OF Wj =TER-SAVr METABOLISM DISTURBANCES IN DOGS
SUBJECTED TO SIX-MONTH HXPOKINESTA
By
V. I. Korol'kov, Ye. A. Kovalenko, V. P. Krotov, N. A.
Ilyushko, V. A. Kondrat'yeva and Yu. I. Kondrat'yev
It is known that hypokinesia, disrupting the nature of the intersystem inter- /32*
relationships results in the appearance of disorders on the part of the neuro-
endocrine and cardiovascular systems, in changes in the structural and energy
supply for the functions. In pathogenesis of the noted disorders the 'shifts in
the water-salt metabolism occupy a special ;place.
In humans under conditions of a prolonged bed confinement the observed changes
in the water-salt metabolism can be a consequence of two xeasonss the actual
immobilization and the movement of the liquid media of the organism that occurs
with a change in body position in relation to the -vector of terrestrial gravity.
The conducting of experiments on animals whose constant horizontal body orientation
is not altered during simulated hypokinesia can promote a pinpointing of the role
of the effect of the motor component on the water-salt metabolism. In addition,
in animals under conditions of restricted motor activity the support function of
the skeleton remains unchanged. This is very important for a differentiated study
of the main links in the pathogenesis of the disorder in mineral metabolism in man
during his bed confinement; is it due to elimination of the support function of
the skeleton or is it a result of the decrease in muscle stresses applied to the
skeletal bones. As a rule, little attention is paid to the latter circumstance.
The vurpose of this study was to investigate the water-salt metabolism in
animals during their prolonged restricted motor activity.
Numbers in margin indicate pagination in original foreign text,
1
Technique .
The experiments were conducted ->n 12 male dogs weighing 6-9 kg, whose .motor
activity was restricted by staying in special devices that permitted the animal to
adopt the positions "lying down," "sitting," and "standing." The animals were
exposed to clinical examination, selection and multiple repeated training. There-
fore in the first days of the experiment in the majority of the dogs no "anxiety
reaction" was observed and they stayed calmly in the fixing devices,
Studies of metabolism were conducted 6 timesi in the initial period, on the
first-fourth, 14th-18th and 25th-30th days, as well as at the end of the second
and third months of hypokinesia. In these periods calculation was made of the
quantity of consumed food and the water content in it, the quantity of released
excrement and urine. The method of flame spectrophotometry was used to determine
the content of potassium sodium, calcium and magnesium in the food, excrement and
urine.
Before the beginning of the experiment, in 1,3 and 6 months of stay by the
animals under conditions of restricted motor activity r the quantity of total water in
the body (TWB) was determined with the help of tritium oxide (lOµCi per 1 kg of
body weight), volume of extracellular .fluid (VEF) and volume of circulating plasma
(VCP) by the method of dilution respectively of sodium thiocyanate and dye T-1$24.
Simultaneously the determined hematocit index made it passible to evaluate the
value of the volumes of circulating blood (VCB) and erythrocyte mass (VEM).
Analysis of the uniformity of dispersions for each index in the process of
the experiment was made with the help of the Kokhren criterion CSC. This permitted
the further correct use for processing the material of the St!xdent's test.
Results and Discussion 	 /33
By the end of the first month of stay by the animals under conditions of
restricted motor activity the VCB was reduced by 21.60 as compared to the original
amount, which was due to a decrease in the VCP by 24.20 and the VEM by 16.90. It
is interesting that in the case of a violent reaction to the fixing (dog 5vetlaychok)
the condition of stress and increased motor activity resulted in the opposite
changes: VCB was increased by 41.6% of the initial due to the rise in VCP and VEM
2
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respectively by 42.2 and 38.4%.
Within 3 months the volume of intravascular fluid in the majority of dogs
was 69.6% in relation to the initial amount and was maintained low up to 6 months,
i.e., a seeming stabilization of its on a lower level occurrei.
Restricted motor activity in the dogs also affected the hydration status
of the organism. In a comparison of the data in the same dogs before the experi-
ment and after 30-day hypokinesia the quantity of TWB was reduced by 4% (P40.02)
(with initial value 66.2 ml per 1 kg of body weight of the animal). In the dog
with increased activity an increase was noted in the specific quantity of fluid
(in calculation per unit of body weight)--by 12.21 with a sharp reduction in its
total content in the organism. This, apparently, is linked to the fact that a
considerable weight loss in the given period (8.4o) occurred mainly due to the
poorly hydrated fatty tissue. In the subsequent periods the quantity of fluid,
was reduced even more, in 3 months comprising 90,ro (F-10.02) and in 6 months of
hypokinesia 90.9% (P{0.01) as compared to the initial amount. The hydraV,on
status of the organism in these periods was reduced also in the dog Svetlyachck).
It should be noted that there were no differences in the fluid content in the
organism between the third and sixth months of restricted mobility.
The VEF by the and of the first month of hypokinesia was reduced by 17.6%
(P<0.001) with initial value 30.2 ml per 1 kg of body weight, and volume of the
intracellular fluid at the save time was increased. Within 3 and 6 months the
intracellular content of fluid in the organism was reduced in all the dogs by
30.1% (P-::0.05) a►Yd 16.2% (P70.1) respectively, while the intracellular content
exceeded the background amount respectively by 1.3 and 3.6%. The increase we
noted in the content of intracellular fluid, possibly, is linked to the dominance
of the catabolic processes, as a result of which an increased quantity of endogenous
water is formed in the cell. In addition, in the case of intensified breakdown
of protein in the cell the quantity of osmotically active particles also rises,
which can govern the movement of water from the intermediate space into the cells
E31
Restricted motor activity in the dogs resulted in a pronounced increase
in excretion of all the studied electrolytes. However, the nature of the
increase was not the same: the potassium and sodium metabolism were altered to
3
6
a lower degree--the exceeding of the original level was only 16-19%, while the
excretion of magnesium and calcium whose main depot is the bones, exceeded the
background amount by 20 -4% (see table). One should note another interesting
law in the dynamics of the change in excretion of the given pairs of electrolytes$
the peak of increase in potassium and sodium excretion occurred on the 25th-30th
day of hypokinesiaf by the and of the third month their excretion had returned to
the original. Excretion of magnesium and calcium on the 25th-30th day of the
experiment was 120-130J as compared to the initial level, and by the and of the
third month of hypokinesia was either maintained on the same level (magnesium) or
was increased even more (calcium), comprising; 143/ of the background. The data we
obtained agree well with the results of the studies made on other spacies of
animals by a number of authors [,4,6,8] who observed a rise in excretion from the
	
/34
organism of sodium, phosphorous and especially calcium during hypokinesia.
In relation to the fact that we not only knew the quantity of the excreted
electrolytes, but also strictly calculated the salt composition of the food ration
it was possible to study the balance metabolism of electrolytes in these animals,
The balance of potassium and sodium, dropping in the process of hypokinesia, ospeci-
ally noticeably on the 25th-30th day, nevertheless remained positive during the
entire period of the experiment. Disturbances in the metabolism of magnesium and
calcium were more pronounced. The balance of magnesium in individual periods of
hypokinesia approached zero, while calcium even became negative.
In analogous experiments on rats it was also found that in the process of
90-day restricted mobility the sodium metabolism on the whole remained positive,
although an individual days of hypokinesia the release of sodium from the organism
insignificantly surpassed its input [1]. However, in rats, judging from the data
of a number of authors E61 in the process of restricted mobility the balance of
magnesium and calcium remained positive, although it was considerably reduced.
More pronounced changes in the metabolism of electrolytes in our experiments,
apparently, can be explained by the different initial functional state of the
organism--usually the motor activity of the dogs significantly surpasses that in
the rats. In addition, it is possible that the experimental results were affected
also by method differences: increase in duration of the periods of metabolic
studies, naturally, makes i; possible to judge with greater probability the true
nature of the state of the balance relationships of individual electrolytes.
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The zero balance for magnesium and the negative for calcium, apparently,
were a result mainly of certain destructive changes in the bones that usually
were observed in the restricted mobility of other species of animals [73. The
reason for the potassium deficit in the organism in the dogs was more likely the
reduction in the total muscle mass as a result of its atrolhy from inactivity, al-
though one cannot also exclude the possibility of reduction in its concentration
in the muscle tissue ,[293]0
Thus, the findings indicate that under conditions of prolonged hypokinesia
pronounced and distinct changes occur in the hydration status of the organism of
animals and a redistribution of the fluid is noted between its different sectors.
Despite the preservation in the animals under conditions of hypekinesia of the 	 h
support function of the skeleton, the reduction in motor activity results in the
emergence of explicit disorders inthe state of salt metabolism. Especially
sharp changes in the process of hypokinosia are revealed on the part of the
metaboliim of magnesium and calcium. This, apparently, is linked to the fact that
the condition of bone metabolism is affected by forces governed not only by the
weight load, but also by the actual muscle stress whose amount is shavply reduced
under conditions of restricted mobility. Consequently, the muscle activity is an
important condition for normalization of the metabolic processes in the bone tissue,
including in its mineral component. At the same time the sharp decrease in the
volume of the muscle function in itself, even without a change in the body
position, as we see, can become one of the important pathogenetic links inducing
a chain of significant changes on the part of the water metabolism and the
balance of electrolytes.
References
1. Bazhanova, A. F. at al., in Ada tatsi a k mysshechnq de aatel lnosti i ;.-
kinezii ["Adaptation to Muscle Activity and Hypokinesia" j,, Novosibirsk,
1970p p . 23-24.
2. Kovalenko, Ye, A. Kosmiches'kaya b iol.,, No. 1 (1976) 0 p. 3-15.
3. Krotov, V. P. Ibid No. 2 (1972) , p. 66-74.
4, Osipov, Yu. Yu,; and Shashkov, V. S. Tbid. No. 1 (1973) , p. 17-21.
5. Plokhinskiy, N, A. (ad.) B iometricheski a metody ["B iometric Methods"],
Moscow, 1975, p. 46.
I
6
.I
69 Pokrovskiy, A. A. at al.., Kosmichaskaya .biol^ No. 4 ( . 1970, P. 10-14.
7. Shashkov, V. S. 1 Krotov, V. P.f at al, , ,8,2q.1l. ek_W blol,,, No. $ (1974) ,p. 26.
8. Hoffman, P. A. at al., Aeros ace Mvd., vol. 43 (1972) 0
 P• 376.383•
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Mechanisms of water-salt metabolism disturbances in dogs subjected to six month hypokinesia

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