P.-J.-O. Chauveau et les débuts de la chambre des arts et manufactures du Bas-Canada 1857-1872

Au milieu du XIXe siècle, le champ de l’éducation et de la formation ouvrières était laissé à l’initiative privée. L’État, pressé d’intervenir, crée en 1857 deux Chambres des arts et manufactures, The Board of Arts et Manufactures for Upper Canada et la Chambre des arts et manufactures du Bas-Canada. Jumelles, les deux Chambres ont pour mandat de sensibiliser la population aux nouvelles techniques, aux arts et aux sciences appliquées à l’industrie et, plus spécifiquement, de voir à la formation d’ouvriers qualifiés. Méconnues, les quinze premières années de la Chambre des arts et manufactures du Bas-Canada sont ici examinées dans leur contexte d’origine.In the middle of the Nineteenth century, the education of workers was left in the hands of private initiatives. The State intervened in 1857, creating the Lower and Upper Canada Boards of Arts and Manufacture. The mandate of the Boards was to make the population aware of new technologies and sciences applied to industries and, more specifically, to assist in the training of qualified workers. The object of this paper is to look at the first fifteen years of existence of the Lower Canada Board and analyze the context of its creation and of its activities

The polarization of Lyman alpha radiation produced by direct excitation of hydrogen atoms by proton impact

Lyman alpha radiation measurement in collision between protons and hydrogen atom

Two Nations: The Homeless in a Divided Land

The works discussed in this article include: Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics, by Thomas Byrne Edsall with Mary D. Edsall; Why Americans Hate Politics, by E. J. Dionne, Jr.; A Far Cry from Home: Life in a Shelter for Homeless Women, by Lisa Ferrill; Scandal: The Culture of Mistrust in American Politics, by Suzanne Garment; Songs from the Alley, by Kathleen Hirsch; Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America, by James Davison Hunter; Rachel and Her Children: Homeless Families in America, by Jonathan Kozol; Parliament of Whores: A Lone Humorist Attempts to Explain the Entire U.S. Government, by P. J. O\u27Rourke; Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness, by Peter Rossi; Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York, by Luc Sante; The Disuniting of America: Reflections on A Multicultural Society, by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.; Louder Than Words, edited by William Shore; and Voices Louder Than Words: A Second Collection, edited by William Shore

Two Nations: Homeless in a Divided Land (1992)

The works discussed in this article include: Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics, by Thomas Byrne Edsall with Mary D. Edsall; Why Americans Hate Politics, by E. J. Dionne, Jr.; A Far Cry from Home: Life in a Shelter for Homeless Women, by Lisa Ferrill; Scandal: The Culture of Mistrust in American Politics, by Suzanne Garment; Songs from the Alley, by Kathleen Hirsch; Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America, by James Davison Hunter; Rachel and Her Children: Homeless Families in America, by Jonathan Kozol; Parliament of Whores: A Lone Humorist Attempts to Explain the Entire U.S. Government, by P. J. O\u27Rourke; Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness, by Peter Rossi; Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York, by Luc Sante; The Disuniting of America: Reflections on A Multicultural Society, by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.; Louder Than Words, edited by William Shore; and Voices Louder Than Words: A Second Collection, edited by William Shore. Reprinted from New England Journal of Public Policy 8, no. 1 (1992), article 74

LES DÉBATS SUR LE PARTAGE DE LA TAXE SCOLAIRE À MONTRÉAL

In 1869, the provincial government of P.-J.-O. Chauveau established a school tax in Montreal. This tax was deducted from land properties, and income was divided between the Catholic and Protestant school boards with regard to the landowners’ religion. Generally wealthier than the Catholics, Protestants were favoured by this mode of distribution of the school tax. This article attempts to explain the causes of the adoption and continuation of this mode of financing during more than a century by examining the major debates about the distribution of the school tax at the end of the 19th century. The study concludes that the continuation of this mode of financing is not devoid of ideological foundations strongly connected to the educational concept of the Catholic and Protestant elite and their respective visions of interethnic relations.* * La traduction du résumé est de Gabriel Saint-Jean, sous la supervision de sa professeure d’anglais, Diane Pigeon.En 1869, le gouvernement provincial de P.-J.-O. Chauveau instaure une taxe scolaire à Montréal. Cette taxe est prélevée sur les propriétés foncières, et ses revenus sont répartis entre les commissions scolaires catholique et protestante d’après la religion des propriétaires. En général plus fortunés que les catholiques, les protestants sont favorisés par ce mode de répartition de la taxe scolaire. Le présent article tente d’expliquer les causes de l’adoption et du maintien pendant plus d’un siècle de ce mode de financement, en examinant les principaux débats sur la question du partage de la taxe scolaire survenus à Montréal, à la fin du XIXe siècle. Il ressort de cette étude que la persistance de ce mode de financement scolaire n’est pas dénuée de fondements idéologiques liés en grande partie aux conceptions éducatives des élites catholiques et protestantes ainsi qu’à leur vision respective des rapports interethniques

A Double Error Dynamic Asymptote Model of Associative Learning

In this paper a formal model of associative learning is presented which incorporates representational and computational mechanisms that, as a coherent corpus, empower it to make accurate predictions of a wide variety of phenomena that so far have eluded a unified account in learning theory. In particular, the Double Error Dynamic Asymptote (DDA) model introduces: 1) a fully-connected network architecture in which stimuli are represented as temporally clustered elements that associate to each other, so that elements of one cluster engender activity on other clusters, which naturally implements neutral stimuli associations and mediated learning; 2) a predictor error term within the traditional error correction rule (the double error), which reduces the rate of learning for expected predictors; 3) a revaluation associability rate that operates on the assumption that the outcome predictiveness is tracked over time so that prolonged uncertainty is learned, reducing the levels of attention to initially surprising outcomes; and critically 4) a biologically plausible variable asymptote, which encapsulates the principle of Hebbian learning, leading to stronger associations for similar levels of cluster activity. The outputs of a set of simulations of the DDA model are presented along with empirical results from the literature. Finally, the predictive scope of the model is discussed