Clinical and histopathological correlation of breast lesions

Background: To study the histopathological features of neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions of breast.  To correlate the pathological findings with clinical parameters.Methods: We have studied total 170 cases of breast lesions over a period of two years in our institute. The specimens were received in histopathology section of our department. Detailed gross examination of specimens was done followed by fixation, thorough sampling, and tissue processing. The different lesions were studied by histopathological examination and analysed. Neoplastic lesions were classified according to the WHO classification.Results: Out of the 170 cases, 128 cases had neoplastic lesions and 41 cases had non-neoplastic lesions, and one case had coexistent neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. Out of the total 129 cases with neoplastic lesions, 76 cases had benign breast tumors, 51 cases had malignant breast tumors, and 2 cases had precursor lesions. Fibroadenoma was the most common benign tumour with 62 cases. Invasive carcinoma no special type was the most common malignant tumour with 43 cases. Special subtypes of invasive carcinoma found in our study were mucinous carcinoma (2 case). The most common nonneoplastic lesion was mastitis with 12 cases, followed by duct ectasia and fibrocystic change. There were 6 cases of gynaecomastia. All the tumors involved upper outer quadrant most frequently. The benign tumors were most frequent in second, third and fourth decades, malignant tumours were seen beyond 4th decade. The nonneoplastic lesions were common in 4th decade.Conclusions: Histopathological study is important in the management of breast lesions

Effect of foliar application of zinc and salicylic acid on growth, flowering and chemical constitute of African marigold cv. pusa narangi gainda (Targets erecta L.)

A field experiment on African marigold (Targets erecta L.) was conducted during winter season of 2014-15to study the foliar effect of Zn and SA of 20 treatment combinations having five concentrations of zinc (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 %) and salicylic acid (0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mM/L).The treatmentZn4SA3 (Zinc 1% + Salicylic acid 1.0 mM/L) recorded the maximum plant height (77.41 cm), number of leaves per plant (314.10),earliest first flower bud appearance (39.78 days), maximum number of flowers per plant (62.33), maximum chlorophyll content (3.83mg/g) and maximum carotene content (3.07 mg/g)as compared to control where it was recorded minimum. These results are conclusive that foliar spraying with zinc 1.0% + salicylic acid 1.0 mM/L may positively increasedthe growth and flowering parametersof marigold

Differential effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on autophagy in pancreatic β-cells

Long-chain saturated fatty acids are lipotoxic to pancreatic β-cells, whereas most unsaturates are better tolerated and some may even be cytoprotective. Fatty acids alter autophagy in β-cells and there is increasing evidence that such alterations can impact directly on the regulation of viability. Accordingly, we have compared the effects of palmitate (C16:0) and palmitoleate (C16:1) on autophagy in cultured β-cells and human islets. Treatment of BRIN-BD11 β-cells with palmitate led to enhanced autophagic activity, as judged by cleavage of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-I (LC3-I) and this correlated with a marked loss of cell viability in the cells. In addition, transfection of these cells with an mCherry-YFP-LC3 reporter construct revealed the accumulation of autophagosomes in palmitate-treated cells, indicating an impairment of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This was also seen upon addition of the vacuolar ATPase inhibitor, bafilomycin A1. Exposure of BRIN-BD11 cells to palmitoleate (C16:1) did not lead directly to changes in autophagic activity or flux, but it antagonised the actions of palmitate. In parallel, palmitoleate also improved the viability of palmitate-treated BRIN-BD11 cells. Equivalent responses were observed in INS-1E cells and in isolated human islets. Taken together, these data suggest that palmitate may cause an impairment of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. These effects were not reproduced by palmitoleate which, instead, antagonised the responses mediated by palmitate suggesting that attenuation of β-cell stress may contribute to the improvement in cell viability caused by the mono-unsaturated fatty acid.This article is freely available via Open Access. Click on the Publisher URL to access it via the publisher's site.The authors are grateful to Diabetes UK for financial support via project grants 14/0005093 and 15/0005156 (to N G M) and a PhD studentship (14/0005093) to Patricia Thomas. They also thank Dr Jon Lane (University of Bristol) for the kind gift of a dual-fluorescence LC3 reporter construct.accepted version (12 month embargo), submitted versio

Investigation of the utility of the 1.1B4 cell as a model human beta cell line for study of persistent enteroviral infection.

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this record. Data availability: The research data supporting this publication are provided within this paper.The generation of a human pancreatic beta cell line which reproduces the responses seen in primary beta cells, but is amenable to propagation in culture, has long been an important goal in diabetes research. This is particularly true for studies focussing on the role of enteroviral infection as a potential cause of beta-cell autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. In the present work we made use of a clonal beta cell line (1.1B4) available from the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures, which had been generated by the fusion of primary human beta-cells with a pancreatic ductal carcinoma cell, PANC-1. Our goal was to study the factors allowing the development and persistence of a chronic enteroviral infection in human beta-cells. Since PANC-1 cells have been reported to support persistent enteroviral infection, the hybrid 1.1B4 cells appeared to offer an ideal vehicle for our studies. In support of this, infection of the cells with a Coxsackie virus isolated originally from the pancreas of a child with type 1 diabetes, CVB4.E2, at a low multiplicity of infection, resulted in the development of a state of persistent infection. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms suggested that this response was facilitated by a number of unexpected outcomes including an apparent failure of the cells to up-regulate certain anti-viral response gene products in response to interferons. However, more detailed exploration revealed that this lack of response was restricted to molecular targets that were either activated by, or detected with, human-selective reagents. By contrast, and to our surprise, the cells were much more responsive to rodent-selective reagents. Using multiple approaches, we then established that populations of 1.1B4 cells are not homogeneous but that they contain a mixture of rodent and human cells. This was true both of our own cell stocks and those held by the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures. In view of this unexpected finding, we developed a strategy to harvest, isolate and expand single cell clones from the heterogeneous population, which allowed us to establish colonies of 1.1B4 cells that were uniquely human (h1.1.B4). However, extensive analysis of the gene expression profiles, immunoreactive insulin content, regulated secretory pathways and the electrophysiological properties of these cells demonstrated that they did not retain the principal characteristics expected of human beta cells. Our data suggest that stocks of 1.1B4 cells should be evaluated carefully prior to their use as a model human beta-cell since they may not retain the phenotype expected of human beta-cells.JDRFJDRFMedical Research Council (MRC)Diabetes UKNorman Family TrustEuropean Foundation for the Study of Diabete

Clinical and histopathological correlation of breast lesions

Background: To study the histopathological features of neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions of breast.  To correlate the pathological findings with clinical parameters.Methods: We have studied total 170 cases of breast lesions over a period of two years in our institute. The specimens were received in histopathology section of our department. Detailed gross examination of specimens was done followed by fixation, thorough sampling, and tissue processing. The different lesions were studied by histopathological examination and analysed. Neoplastic lesions were classified according to the WHO classification.Results: Out of the 170 cases, 128 cases had neoplastic lesions and 41 cases had non-neoplastic lesions, and one case had coexistent neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. Out of the total 129 cases with neoplastic lesions, 76 cases had benign breast tumors, 51 cases had malignant breast tumors, and 2 cases had precursor lesions. Fibroadenoma was the most common benign tumour with 62 cases. Invasive carcinoma no special type was the most common malignant tumour with 43 cases. Special subtypes of invasive carcinoma found in our study were mucinous carcinoma (2 case). The most common nonneoplastic lesion was mastitis with 12 cases, followed by duct ectasia and fibrocystic change. There were 6 cases of gynaecomastia. All the tumors involved upper outer quadrant most frequently. The benign tumors were most frequent in second, third and fourth decades, malignant tumours were seen beyond 4th decade. The nonneoplastic lesions were common in 4th decade.Conclusions: Histopathological study is important in the management of breast lesions

A Paradigm Shift in Education Systems Due to COVID-19: Its Social and Demographic Consequences

The pandemic of COVID-19 has caused a serious effect on health, economic, social, political, demo- graphic, and all other various aspects of the economy. It has given a huge impact on the education system in a worldwide manner that leads to the closure of universities, colleges, and schools. This study aims to assess the impact of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic on the education sector in special reference to India. The loss of learning was majorly pronounced among students from a disadvantaged prospec- tus. The authors conducted a qualitative document analysis of all the published articles that explained the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the education system from 2019-2021. The study provides an insight on the barriers in education due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The result shows the evolution of technology-enabled education in the learning sector. Finally, the challenges articulated by the learners during online learning include external as well as internal factors and causes