Introduction de l'ouvrage : "Le retour des paysans ?"

Cet article est le texte introductif de l'ouvrage « Le retour des paysans ? », lui-même issu d'un colloque tenu à Marseille les 11 et 12 décembre 2003. Cette manifestation avait permis de réunir de nombreux chercheurs et doctorants représentant la plupart des disciplines en sciences sociales et analysant des situations très diverses, au Nord et au Sud. Cet ouvrage collectif est en partie le fruit de cette rencontre interdisciplinaire sur un terrain chargé de passions : les paysans et l'environnement

Extracellular, cell-permeable survivin inhibits apoptosis while promoting proliferative and metastatic potential

The tumour microenvironment is believed to be involved in development, growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance of many cancers. Here we show survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, implicated in apoptosis inhibition and the regulation of mitosis in cancer cells, exists in a novel extracellular pool in tumour cells. Furthermore, we have constructed stable cell lines that provide the extracellular pool with either wild-type survivin (Surv-WT) or the previously described dominant-negative mutant survivin (Surv-T34A), which has proven pro-apoptotic effects in cancer cells but not in normal proliferating cells. Cancer cells grown in conditioned medium (CM) taken from Surv-WT cells absorbed survivin and experienced enhanced protection against genotoxic stresses. These cells also exhibited an increased replicative and metastatic potential, suggesting that survivin in the tumour microenvironment may be directly associated with malignant progression, further supporting survivin's function in tumourigenesis. Alternatively, cancer cells grown in CM taken from the Surv-T34A cells began to apoptose through a caspase-2- and caspase-9-dependent pathway that was further enhanced by the addition of other chemo- and radiotherapeutic modalities. Together our findings suggest a novel microenvironmental function for survivin in the control of cancer aggressiveness and spread, and should result in the genesis of additional cancer treatment modalities

Autoregulation in resistance training : addressing the inconsistencies

Autoregulation is a process that is used to manipulate training based primarily on the measurement of an individual's performance or their perceived capability to perform. Despite being established as a training framework since the 1940s, there has been limited systematic research investigating its broad utility. Instead, researchers have focused on disparate practices that can be considered specific examples of the broader autoregulation training framework. A primary limitation of previous research includes inconsistent use of key terminology (e.g., adaptation, readiness, fatigue, and response) and associated ambiguity of how to implement different autoregulation strategies. Crucially, this ambiguity in terminology and failure to provide a holistic overview of autoregulation limits the synthesis of existing research findings and their dissemination to practitioners working in both performance and health contexts. Therefore, the purpose of the current review was threefold: first, we provide a broad overview of various autoregulation strategies and their development in both research and practice whilst highlighting the inconsistencies in definitions and terminology that currently exist. Second, we present an overarching conceptual framework that can be used to generate operational definitions and contextualise autoregulation within broader training theory. Finally, we show how previous definitions of autoregulation fit within the proposed framework and provide specific examples of how common practices may be viewed, highlighting their individual subtleties

Baseline characteristics of patients in the reduction of events with darbepoetin alfa in heart failure trial (RED-HF)

<p>Aims: This report describes the baseline characteristics of patients in the Reduction of Events with Darbepoetin alfa in Heart Failure trial (RED-HF) which is testing the hypothesis that anaemia correction with darbepoetin alfa will reduce the composite endpoint of death from any cause or hospital admission for worsening heart failure, and improve other outcomes.</p> <p>Methods and results: Key demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings, along with baseline treatment, are reported and compared with those of patients in other recent clinical trials in heart failure. Compared with other recent trials, RED-HF enrolled more elderly [mean age 70 (SD 11.4) years], female (41%), and black (9%) patients. RED-HF patients more often had diabetes (46%) and renal impairment (72% had an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Patients in RED-HF had heart failure of longer duration [5.3 (5.4) years], worse NYHA class (35% II, 63% III, and 2% IV), and more signs of congestion. Mean EF was 30% (6.8%). RED-HF patients were well treated at randomization, and pharmacological therapy at baseline was broadly similar to that of other recent trials, taking account of study-specific inclusion/exclusion criteria. Median (interquartile range) haemoglobin at baseline was 112 (106–117) g/L.</p> <p>Conclusion: The anaemic patients enrolled in RED-HF were older, moderately to markedly symptomatic, and had extensive co-morbidity.</p&gt

Des canaux d’irrigation aux canaux de distribution d’eau brute ? Regarder le passé pour comprendre le présent et préparer l’avenir

National audienceNous faisons l’hypothèse que l’« eau agricole », autrefois « eau des moulins », est en train de changer de statut. Elle devient ce que nous qualifierons d’ » eau environnementale ». Cette nouvelle qualification induit le fait que le regard porté par les sociétés contemporaines sur sa vocation productive se transforme. Maintenant, on prend en compte non seulement les retombées bénéfiques pour les cultures agricoles et les revenus des agriculteurs, mais aussi et de manière grandissante, les effets connexes des aménagements qui ont présidé à sa vocation économique (barrages, canaux, forages, dérivations, pompages, terrasses…

Concurrent Training

For optimal sports performance, many athletes will require a range of physical qualities including strength, power, and aerobic capacity. Subsequently, training is likely to contain periods where concurrent development of fitness components is required and can typically be classified into two simple training paradigms, endurance and strength training. In order to optimise training, the interaction of these fitness components should be considered as endurance training may interfere with strength training sessions via conflicting molecular signaling which may blunt optimal muscular development. At present, there are a range of conflicting recommendations in the literature, due to the challenges of comparing different training studies and the variables which impact upon the magnitude of adaptation; including volume, intensity (load), rest, sequencing, and concurrent training goals. Most importantly, the overall training stress should be considered to reduce cumulative fatigue and minimise the potential negative effect on strength adaptations via dampened hypertrophic responses. Inter-session rest should be maximized wherever possible to reduce the interaction between competing molecular signaling pathways and provide opportunity to refuel as excesive bouts of training when fuel depleted may restrict subsequent training intensities and blunt any potential adapatations. When training sessions must be completed in close proximity, sequencing should consider the desired training adaptations. If strength adaptations are priority, training sessions should be sequenced, strength-endurance to maximise the strength stimulus. Overall, optimal planning during concurrent training is a complex interaction between a range of variables where strength and conditioning professionals should be conscious of a series of factors and select a training regime that minimises the interference effect within the constraints of their own training logistics