35 research outputs found
In international law we (do not) trust: The persistent rejection of economic and social rights as a manifestation of cynicism
Despite a promising start in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, economic and social rights still retain a second-class status in most national jurisdictions. What explains this reticence with which economic and social rights are (still) regarded? This chapter analyses how the sceptical gaze through which states view economic and social rights legitimises (or attempts to legitimise) government failures to provide for those members of their populace who are in most desperate need, and (unsuccessfully) masks the self-interest that pervades most of international law. The chapter commences with a brief introduction and subsequently proceeds in three subsequent parts. Section 2 demonstrates that cynicism was used as a sword to pierce the normative foundations of economic and social rights generally, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights particularly in the early days both before and after its adoption leading to economic and social rights’ lower status in the human rights family; Section 3 posits that cynicism has been relied upon as a shield to offer errant states a defence for not meeting their obligations under both international and national (constitutional) economic and social rights norms; and finally Section 4 argues that a certain amount of cynicism is inherent in the history of economic and social rights and how they advanced through the ages, but more optimistically that a light at the end of the tunnel exists because contemporary developments point to less rather than more cynicism in the area of economic and social rights in today’s world
Imunodiagnóstico da neurocisticercose: teste imunoenzimático com antÃgenos quimicamente ligados a suportes para pesquisa de anticorpos em soro e lÃquido cefalorraquiano
Foi padronizado o teste imunoenzimático, ELISA, utilizando-se componentes antigênicos de Cysticercus cellulosae quimicamente ligados a suportes sólidos constituÃdos de discos de tecido-resina (ELISA-d), para pesquisa de anticorpos em soro lÃquido cefalorraquiano (LCR), ensaiando-se uma única diluição do espécime clÃnico. O suporte tecido-resina foi composto de tecido de poliéster impregnado com resina polimerizada de N-metilol-acrilamida, apresentando grupos N-metilol livres, capazes de reagir covalentemente com grupos funcionais de proteÃnas e polissacarÃdeos presentes no extrato antigênico salino total obtido de cisticercos. Foram ensaiados 38 soros e 74 LCR de pacientes com neurocisticercose comprovada e 50 soros e 107 LCR do grupo controle (pacientes com quadros clÃnicos neurológicos diversos e indivÃduos supostamente normais). Obtivemos os seguintes Ãndices de sensibilidade e especificidade: 94,7% e 92,0% para o teste realizado no soro e 98,6% e 100% para o teste realizado no LCR. O teste ELISA-d mostrou-se eficiente para o diagnóstico da neurocisticercose, principalmente quando realizado no LCR, com vantagens de estabilidade, facilidade de execução e baixo custo
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The lipolysis inhibitor acipimox reverses the cardiac phenotype induced by electronic cigarettes
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are a prevalent alternative to conventional nicotine cigarettes among smokers and people who have never smoked. Increased concentrations of serum free fatty acids (FFAs) are crucial in generating lipotoxicity. We studied the effects of acipimox, an antilipolytic drug, on e-cigarette-induced cardiac dysfunction. C57BL/6J wild-type mice on high fat diet were treated with saline, e-cigarette with 2.4% nicotine [e-cigarette (2.4%)], and e-cigarette (2.4%) plus acipimox for 12 weeks. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction were diminished in mice exposed to e-cigarettes (2.4%) compared with saline and acipimox-treated mice. Mice exposed to e-cigarette (2.4%) had increased circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and FFAs, which were diminished by acipimox. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that e-cigarette (2.4%)-treated mice had gene expression changes in the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint pathway that was normalized by acipimox. Accordingly, we showed that acipimox suppressed the nuclear localization of phospho-p53 induced by e-cigarette (2.4%). Additionally, e-cigarette (2.4%) increased the apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, a marker of oxidative DNA damage which was normalized by acipimox. Mice exposed to e-cigarette (2.4%) had increased cardiac Heme oxygenase 1 protein levels and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). These markers of oxidative stress were decreased by acipimox. Therefore, inhibiting lipolysis with acipimox normalizes the physiological changes induced by e-cigarettes and the associated increase in inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and DNA damage