Image processing application to a translate Braille black ink system Braille

We recall the enhancement by polynomial filtering principle of the numerical Braille relief image . We describe the recognition method based on two orthogonal axis projection of each Braille character . The five recognition steps are developed taking account ofform defaults of relief and using a maximum likehood method. The position axis dispersion of Braille characters permits to calculate estimated theoretical error . The error rate, verified in practice for manual made Braille reliefs is about 1 % .Après avoir rappelé le principe de rehaussement par filtrage polynomial de l'image du relief Braille numérisée, il est décrit la méthode de reconnaissance choisie pour ce type particulier de forme d'objets . Cette méthode est basée sur la projection de chaque graphème sur deux axes orthogonaux . Il est décrit les cinq étapes de reconnaissance de chaque rangée de relief Braille qui tiennent compte de ses irrégularités de forme, et qui exploitent une méthode de maximum de vraisemblance . Le relevé de la dispersion des positions des axes des graphèmes permet de donner une estimation théorique du taux de réussite de reconnaissance pour des reliefs fabriqués manuellement . Le taux vérifié dans la pratique est voisin de 99 %

Study on cycle-slip detection and repair methods for a single dual-frequency global positioning system (GPS) receiver

In this work, we assessed the performance of the cycle-slip detection methods: Turbo Edit (TE), Melbourne-Wübbena wide-lane ambiguity (MWWL) and forward and backward moving window averaging (FBMWA). The TE and MWWL methods were combined with ionospheric total electron content rate (TECR), and the FBMWA with second-order time-difference phase ionosphere residual (STPIR) and TECR. Under different scenarios, 10 Global Positioning System (GPS) datasets were used to assess the performance of the methods for cycle-slip detection. The MWWL-TECR delivered the best performance in detecting cycle-slips for 1 s data. The relative comparisons show that the FBMWA-TECR method performed slightly better than its original version, FBMWA-STPIR, detecting 100% and 73%, respectively. For data with a sample rate of 5 s, the FBMWA-TECR performed better than MWWL-TECR. However, the FBMWA is suitable only for post-processing, which refers to applications where the data are processed after the fact

Human physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for propofol

BACKGROUND: Propofol is widely used for both short-term anesthesia and long-term sedation. It has unusual pharmacokinetics because of its high lipid solubility. The standard approach to describing the pharmacokinetics is by a multi-compartmental model. This paper presents the first detailed human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for propofol. METHODS: PKQuest, a freely distributed software routine , was used for all the calculations. The "standard human" PBPK parameters developed in previous applications is used. It is assumed that the blood and tissue binding is determined by simple partition into the tissue lipid, which is characterized by two previously determined set of parameters: 1) the value of the propofol oil/water partition coefficient; 2) the lipid fraction in the blood and tissues. The model was fit to the individual experimental data of Schnider et. al., Anesthesiology, 1998; 88:1170 in which an initial bolus dose was followed 60 minutes later by a one hour constant infusion. RESULTS: The PBPK model provides a good description of the experimental data over a large range of input dosage, subject age and fat fraction. Only one adjustable parameter (the liver clearance) is required to describe the constant infusion phase for each individual subject. In order to fit the bolus injection phase, for 10 or the 24 subjects it was necessary to assume that a fraction of the bolus dose was sequestered and then slowly released from the lungs (characterized by two additional parameters). The average weighted residual error (WRE) of the PBPK model fit to the both the bolus and infusion phases was 15%; similar to the WRE for just the constant infusion phase obtained by Schnider et. al. using a 6-parameter NONMEM compartmental model. CONCLUSION: A PBPK model using standard human parameters and a simple description of tissue binding provides a good description of human propofol kinetics. The major advantage of a PBPK model is that it can be used to predict the changes in kinetics produced by variations in physiological parameters. As one example, the model simulation of the changes in pharmacokinetics for morbidly obese subjects is discussed

Basse-Terre . - « Petit Versailles »: chapelle du Pensionnat. L\u27 autel qui renferme la châsse de saint Victor, martyr

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Eglise du Morne-à-L\u27eau ( 11.628 hab ). - Vue extérieure. Construction récente et de style moderne. Le clocher mesure 40 m 70

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Basse-Terre . - « Petit Versailles ». Intérieur de la Chapelle du Pensionnat des Soeurs de Saint-Joseph de Cluny

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Eglise du Moule (17.107 hab ). Elle fut achevée et bénite le 3 février 1850

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Eglise du Morne-à-L\u27eau ( 11.628 hab ). - Vue intérieure. L\u27intérieur a 50 mètres de long sur 20 de large

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Eglise de Grand-Bourg ( Marie-Galante ) ( 10.518 hab ). Elle fut commencée en 1844, et ouverte au culte en 1847

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