Ética política iusnaturalista

lhe Natural Law political ethic has at times been considered as something vague and ill-defined; in this article the author outlines a way of analyzing the presentday political and ideological reality from the view-point of Natural Law. lo this end he studies the relations that can arise between permissiveness in general and permissiveness in the juridical context, and then considers the implications of these relations in the Law-Morality binomial, together with the different solutions put forward in the course of history by Relativism, Pragmatism, Liberalism, Marxism and by the Natural Law; finally he makes a special analysis of the criticisms that have been made of the principIes of the Natural Law

Las contradicciones de la libertad de enseñanza

This article begins with a brief terminological clarification regarding the meaning ofthe term freedom of education and then proceeds to analyze the context of politica1 philosophy, that isthe re1ations that exist between Authority and the common citizen. It follows from this anaIysis that freedomof education is a specia1 guarantee that ensures the survival of freedom in general. Mterwards the author proceeds to study the different approathes which severa! Marxist groups have followed with regard to the question of. education jn Spain, and to carry out a particular anaIysis of the document An . Alternative lor Education. The author's critique of this document is accompanied by that critique which comes from the radical Marxist wing. The main Marxist attitudes with regard. to this topic can be placed within the framework of a global strategy of Gramscian origin which constitutes an attempt to conquer politica1 power by mesns of a war of positions within the boundaries of the mstitutions which make up the civil society. Inthis sense, the school is a particularly favorable meeting-ground. The critique of this strategy gives rise to a new meaning of social freedom and of the defense of a Society which is at least as strong as the State. The author hap~ tobe in favor of the multiplication of social institutions and of the benefits that derive from diversity, and sees this as asure guarantee of freedom for all citizens within society

Exchange rate behavior and exchange rate puzzles: why the 18th century might help

Este artículo analiza el comportamiento de los tipos de cambio entre España y Gran Bretaña durante el siglo XVIII; en concreto, de los tipos de cambio en el mercado de Londres sobre tres ciudades españolas, entre los años 1699 y 1826. Tras una breve exposición del funcionamiento del sistema monetario español y de la determinación de los tipos de cambio, estudiamos hasta qué punto el tipo de cambio respondía a variables fundamentales, utilizando dos modelos teóricos generalmente aceptados. Los resultados sugieren que la paridad de poder adquisitivo se cumplió durante el siglo XVIII, y que el tipo de cambio se movía de forma paralela a los diferenciales de inflación. Al final del siglo aparecen desviaciones de la paridad de poder adquisitivo, que atribuimos a alteraciones en el tipo de cambio real causadas por fluctuaciones en el comercio bilateral entre España y Gran Bretaña y, quizá, a diferenciales de productividad.This article explores the behavior of exchange rates in Spain during the 18th century. We analyze the exchange rates quoted in London on three Spanish cities between 1699 and 1826. After a brief review of how the Spanish monetary system worked and how exchange rates were determined, we assess to which extent the exchange rate responded to market fundamentals by testing two theoretical models of exchange rate determination. The results suggest that purchasing power parity held during the 18th century, with the exchange rate tracking quite closely the behavior of inflation differentials. Deviations from PPP appeared at the end of the century, due mostly to changes in the real exchange rate caused by the bilateral trade between Spain and Great Britain and, maybe, due to productivity differentials

Exchange Rate Behavior and Exchange Rate Puzzles: Why the XVIII Century Might Help

This article explores the behavior of exchange rates in Spain during the XVIII century. We posit that exchange rates were the result of both government intervention over nominal values of currencies and the estimate that the market –of bills of exchange- gave to the value of the currency. We analyze the exchange rates quoted in London on three Spanish cities between 1699 and 1826. After a brief overview of the functioning of the Spanish monetary system and of exchange rate determination, we assess the extent to which the exchange rate responded to market fundamentals by testing some theoretical models of exchange rate determination. The results suggest that purchasing power parity held during the XVIII century, with the exchange rate tracking quite closely the behavior of inflation differentials. Deviations from PPP appeared at the end of the century, due mostly to changes in the real exchange rate caused by the bilateral trade balance between Spain and Great Britain and, maybe, to productivity differentials.

Alternatives for administrative penalties and consumer protection psychoactive substances in Colombia: Lessons from the experiences of U.S.A. and the UK with the drug treatment courts

The recently approved reform of Article 49 of the Constitution of Colombia introduces a new administrative sanction and protection system for illicit drug users in the country. This article discusses the scope of this new system as well as the contents of a bill setting administrative procedures to enact it, in the light of lessons learned from experiences with Drug Treatment Courts in USA and UK, where this mechanism has operated with promising results for a number of years based on the “harm reduction” doctrine.La recientemente aprobada reforma del artículo 49 de la Constitución Política de Colombia estableció un régimen de sanción y protección administrativa para consumidores de drogas ilícitas en el país. Este artículo discute los alcances del nuevo régimen, al igual que el contenido de un proyecto de ley que fija los procedimientos administrativos para su desarrollo, a la luz de lecciones aprendidas a partir de las experiencias con los tribunales de tratamiento de drogas en Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido, donde este mecanismo opera con resultados promisorios desde hace varios lustros con base en la doctrina de “reducción del daño”