Una Nueva especie de Flammulina P. Karsten, F. cephalariae (Agaricales) encontrada en España

Based on morphological and molecular studies, we propose Flammulina cephalariae as a new species to the scientific community. It grows in limestone soil on Cephalaria leucantha debris and its distribution seems to be limited to Losa Valley, in the provinc e of Burgos (Northem Spain). We offer a description, its iconography and a comparison with similar taxa, and we include also a key for European species of genus Flammulina P . Karsten.Bas{mdonos en estudios morfológicos y moleculares, proponemos Flammulina cephalariae como especie nueva para la ciencia. Fructifica en terreno calcttreo, sobre restos de la planta Cephalaria leucantha y su distribución parece quedar limitada a una pequeña zona del Vall e de Losa en la provincia de Burgos (norte de España). Se describe, iconografia y compara con taxones afines, al tiempo que se incluye una clave de las especies europeas del género Flammulina P. Karste

Towards a Method to Conceptualize Domain Ontologies

This paper presents the suite of principles, designs criteria and verification process used in the knowledge conceptualization process of a consensuated domain ontology in the domain of chemicals. To achieve agreement between different development teams we propose the use of a common and shared conceptual model as starting point. To capture domain knowledge of a given domain and organize it in a shared and consensuated conceptual model, we recommend an approach that integrates the following intermediate representation techniques: Data Dictionary, Concepts Classification Trees, Tables of Instance Attributes, Table of Class Attributes, Table of Constants, Tables of Formulas, Attributes Classification Trees, and Tables of Instances. We also provide a set of guidelines to verify the knowledge gathered inside each intermediate representations and between intermediate representations

Scorecard and KPIs for monitoring software factories effectiveness in the financial sector

Financial corporations and especially banking institutions have important needs concerning to the development of software around their business core. The software, that traditionally had been developed in house by the IT departments, is now usually outsourced to IT firms. These firms work under the software factories model. An important feature within this sector is that usually the financial groups keep the ownership of these firms because the strategic value of the software for the core business. These firms work almost exclusively for the owner financial group developing their software, but they have to demonstrate that they are so profitable and competitive like any other firm. The organizational structure of these firms has some differential features. Top level tasks (software design and project management) are usually performed by the IT firm but the development is usually subcontracted to other software companies. Although financial corporations have always paid a special interest to investing in management and organizational policies to improve their efficiency, there have being always an important lack regarding to the control and monitoring of the software projects. They do not have suitable tools for monitoring actual process effectiveness. Adapting scorecards to this environment could be a useful tool for monitoring and improvement the process. Scorecard could here be used both as a tool for internal effectiveness measurement as well as externally, presenting sustainability indicators for the shareholders, the financial institutions. This paper aims to identify and define a collection of Key Performance Indicators which permit effectiveness to be improved under this context, focusing in the specific supply-chain model given by owner (financial group), software factory and software developers (subcontracted)

Stereum illudens Berk., nueva cita para la micoflora de la Península Ibérica

En este trabajo se describe e iconografía Stereum illudens Berk., una especie de origen austral que, desde 1999, está fructificando en madera de Eucalyptus en la parte occidental de Bizkaia (País Vasco) y, cuya aportación, representa la primera cita para la Península Ibérica.The species Stereum illudens Berk., known from the Southem Hemisphere, is described and illustrated. This has been seen fruiting on Eucalyptus wood in the west of the province of Biscay (Basque Country) since 1999. This report is the first for the Iberian Peninsula

Stereum illudens Berk., nueva cita para la micoflora de la Península Ibérica

En este trabajo se describe e iconografia Stereum illudens Berk., una especie de origen austral que, desde 1999, está fructificando en madera de Eucalyptus en la parte occidental de Bizkaia (País Vasco) y, cuya aportación , representa la primera cita para la Península Ibérica.The species Stereum illudens Berk., known from the Southem Hemisphere, is described and illustrated. This has been seen fruiting on Eucalyptus wood in the west of the province of Biscay (Basque Country) since 1999. This report is the first for the Iberian Peninsula

Ausencia de evidencia de simetría en palomas tras entrenamiento en múltiples ejemplares

Antecedentes: se realizó un experimento con palomas durante 46 meses para contrastar la hipótesis del entrenamiento en múltiples ejemplares (MET) en la derivación de simetría. Según esta hipótesis, la simetría se deriva progresivamente después de entrenar múltiples ejemplos de relaciones directas e inversas entre estímulos arbitrarios. Método: cuatro palomas fueron entrenadas en discriminaciones condicionales arbitrarias directas (ej., A1-B1, A2-B2) e inversas (ej., B1-A1; B2-A2). Una vez que aprendieron una reversión completa (ej., AB y BA), se entrenó otra reversión con estímulos diferentes (ej., CD y DC, etc.). Los sujetos fueron asignados a dos conjuntos de estímulos; el orden de aprendizaje de muestras y comparaciones fue contrabalanceado. Resultados: las palomas aprendieron entre 4 y 24 discriminaciones, pero ninguna mostró simetría. La discriminabilidad de las muestras y las comparaciones fue determinante porque afectó a las discriminaciones directas de manera diferente a las discriminaciones inversas. Conclusiones: a pesar de los resultados negativos, este estudio puede contribuir al desarrollo de la investigación en MET y simetría: se describen algunas lecciones aprendidas acerca del diseño de experimentos de larga duración con numerosos estímulos y se discuten algunas estrategias para controlar la discriminabilidad de los estímulos que pueden contribuir a facilitar la derivación de simetría.Background: An experiment with pigeons was conducted for 46 months in order to test the multiple-exemplar training (MET) hypothesis of symmetry derivation. According to this hypothesis, symmetry is progressively derived after an extensive training of multiple examples of direct and inverse relations among arbitrary stimuli. Method: Four pigeons were given extensive training in direct (e.g., A1-B1; A2-B2) and inverse (e.g., B1-A1; B2-A2) arbitrary conditional discriminations. Once pigeons learned a complete reversal (e.g., AB and BA), a new reversal with different stimuli was trained (e.g., CD and DC, etc.). Subjects were assigned to two different stimulus sets, and sample-comparison order was counterbalanced. Results: Pigeons learned between 4 and 24 conditional discriminations, but none showed evidence of symmetry. Discriminability of samples and comparisons was identified as an important factor because it affected direct and inverse discriminations differently. Conclusions: Despite the negative results reported, this study provides some insights that might help to improve current research on MET and symmetry: We describe some lessons learned about the design of long-term experiments involving a high number of stimuli and finally, we discuss some control strategies for stimulus discriminability that might also contribute to facilitate symmetry derivation in pigeons

WebODE: An integrated workbench for ontology representation, reasoning, and exchange

We present WebODE as a scalable, integrated workbench for ontological engineering that eases the modelling of ontologies, the reasoning with ontologies and the exchange of ontologies with other ontology tools and ontology-based applications. We will first describe the WebODE's knowledge model. We will then describe its extensible architecture, focusing on the set of independent ontology development functionalities that are integrated in this framework, such as the Ontology Editor, the Axiom Builder, the OKBC-based inference engine, and the documentation and interoperability services

Biological nitrogen fixation of Biserrula pelecinus L. under water deficit

The present work studied the effects of water deficiency conditions on the biological nitrogen fixation of three na- tive rhizobia (SafPt12, SafPt6, and AjuPt16) isolated from Biserrula pelecinus L., and a reference strain Mesorhizo- bium ciceri biovar biserrulae. In terms of plant-water status, B. pelecinus showed typical signs of drought avoidance strategies such as reducing the aboveground development (i.e. reduction in leaf surface area and increase in root/ shoot ratio) in detriment of a better developed root system. Dry-matter production and nitrogen content of the aboveground biomass decreased with the increasing levels of drought stress, as well as nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, for all the tested isolates. The parameters investigated suggested that SafPt12 was the most suc- cessful native rhizobia to withstand severe water conditions without compromising nitrogen fixation demands