BESTIMMUNG DER RElBUNGSVERLUSTE VON KOLBEN-VERBRENNUNGSMOTOREN DURCH MESSUNG, MÖGLICHKEITEN DER VERMINDERUNG VON VERLUSTEN

Method was worked out to determine the friction losses of i.c. engines. The engine is operated in a test bench without iguition driven externally by a balancing engine. It is possible to decrease the friction losses in diesel engines by about 4-6% maintaining the working process at optimum. It is possible to decrease the friction losses by about 2-3% using special lubricant additives, which is equal with 0.5 -1% fluel saving

Insight into the Charge Density Wave Gap from Contrast Inversion in Topographic STM Images

Charge density waves (CDWs) are understood in great detail in one dimension, but they remain largely enigmatic in two-dimensional systems. In particular, numerous aspects of the associated energy gap and the formation mechanism are not fully understood. Two long-standing riddles are the amplitude and position of the CDW gap with respect to the Fermi level ( E F ) and the frequent absence of CDW contrast inversion (CI) between opposite bias scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images. Here, we find compelling evidence that these two issues are intimately related. Combining density functional theory and STM to analyze the CDW pattern and modulation amplitude in 1 T − TiSe 2 , we find that CI takes place at an unexpected negative sample bias because the CDW gap opens away from E F , deep inside the valence band. This bias becomes increasingly negative as the CDW gap shifts to higher binding energy with electron doping. This study shows the importance of CI in STM images to identify periodic modulations with a CDW and to gain valuable insight into the CDW gap, whose measurement is notoriously controversial

Spatially explicit estimation of heat stress-related impacts of climate change on the milk production of dairy cows in the United Kingdom

Dairy farming is one the most important sectors of United Kingdom (UK) agriculture. It faces major challenges due to climate change, which will have direct impacts on dairy cows as a result of heat stress. In the absence of adaptations, this could potentially lead to considerable milk loss. Using an 11-member climate projection ensemble, as well as an ensemble of 18 milk loss estimation methods, temporal changes in milk production of UK dairy cows were estimated for the 21st century at a 25 km resolution in a spatially-explicit way. While increases in UK temperatures are projected to lead to relatively low average annual milk losses, even for southern UK regions (<180 kg/cow), the ?hottest? 25?25 km grid cell in the hottest year in the 2090s, showed an annual milk loss exceeding 1300 kg/cow. This figure represents approximately 17% of the potential milk production of today?s average cow. Despite the potential considerable inter-annual variability of annual milk loss, as well as the large differences between the climate projections, the variety of calculation methods is likely to introduce even greater uncertainty into milk loss estimations. To address this issue, a novel, more biologically-appropriate mechanism of estimating milk loss is proposed that provides more realistic future projections. We conclude that South West England is the region most vulnerable to climate change economically, because it is characterised by a high dairy herd density and therefore potentially high heat stress-related milk loss. In the absence of mitigation measures, estimated heat stress-related annual income loss for this region by the end of this century may reach ?13.4M in average years and ?33.8M in extreme years.publishersversionPeer reviewe