Inequality and Spatial Convergence in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, 1989-2010

The analysis of inequality and polarization patterns between by regions of a national economy is central to ascertain their possibilities of future economic development. In this work we study such patterns in municipalities and boroughs of Mexico City Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Mexico, ZMCM). The evolution of inequality and polarization in this important area of Mexico is studied with new proposals of measurement using spatially conditioned indexes and through a dynamic transition analysis. The results confirm that the territorial inequality has grown among the municipalities and boroughs that integrate the ZMCM. Moreover, this phenomenon coincides with an increase of the polarization characterized by the formation of four subgroups or convergence clubs

Effects of sport practice on bone characteristics of the lower extremities in athletes

Los objetivosde la presente revisión son, por un lado, dar a conocer el estado actual de la investigación realizada sobre las diferentes adaptaciones óseas derivadas de la práctica deportiva en los miembros inferiores y, por otro, determinar qué tipo de actividades o especialidades deportivas son las más indicadas para evitar o frenar el desarrollo de la osteoporosis en estas estructuras óseas.The aims of this review are to give to know the actual status of investigation developed on different bone adaptations in lower extremities related to sport practice, and to determine what kind of physical activities or sport practice are the most indicated to avoid or to contain the development of osteoporosis in this bone structures

Obtaining protoanemonin through selective oxidation of Dfructose and 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural in a self-catalysed reaction

Although different ways of converting 5- (hydroxymethyl)furfural (1) to various substrates with high value have been sought, few transformations have obtained building blocks that can be very useful in the area of fine chemistry. Herein, we report the synthesis of protoanemonin (5-methylenefuran-2(5H)- one) from D-fructose via compound (1), a versatile γalkylidenebutenolide, using an efficient self-catalysed process with formic acid, with high reaction performance and selectivity (up to 94% yield and 98% conversion from (1), while 28% yield from Dfructose). This efficient and simple operational process involved a two-phase aqueous-organic system between chlorinated solvents (CHxCly) and hydrogen peroxide as the initial oxidizing agent. The reaction presents a key cleavage in the 5-hydroxymethyl moiety of (1), due to the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (BVO) process that generates formic acid in situ. Ultimately, DFF and HMF were successfully obtained in 80% and 98% yield, respectively, starting from D-fructose and using Preyssler heteropolyacids as Brønsted acid catalysts under an atmosphere of oxygen in the absence of hydrogen peroxide.Fil: Martínez, José J.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Páez, Luis A.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Gutiérrez, Luisa F.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Pardo Cuervo, Oscar H.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Rojas, Hugo A.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Romanelli, Gustavo Pablo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de la Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Portilla, Jaime. Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia; ColombiaFil: Castillo, Juan Carlos. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; Colombia. Universidad de los Andes; ColombiaFil: Gamboa Becerra, Diana Paola. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; Colombi

Contribution of Marine Spatial Planning in Mexico to Marine and Coastal Management

La planeación espacial marina en México se materializa a través del ordenamiento ecológico, un instrumento de política ambiental transversal y participativo. A través de este instrumento, el gobierno busca fortalecer la coordinación entre autoridades y sociedad para subsanar las consecuencias negativas de la planeación sectorizada en distintas dependencias gubernamentales transitando hacia el manejo integrado de la zona costera y la economía azul. El propósito de este artículo es describir la experiencia de la planeación espacial marina en México, haciendo énfasis en la gobernanza colaborativa. La intención es que esta perspectiva sea de utilidad para otros países con características socioeconómicas, ambientales y/o con gobernanza similares.Marine spatial planning in Mexico is materialized by the ecological ordinance, a cross-sectoral environmental policy instrument. Throughout this instrument, government seeks to strengthen coordination between authorities and society to counter and correct negative consequences of sectoral planning in different government agencies moving forward towards integrated coastal management and the blue economy. The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of marine spatial planning in Mexico, with an emphasis on collaborative governance. The intention is that this perspective may prove its usefulness for other countries with similar socioeconomic, environmental characteristics and/or governance

Breeding season of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus Australis, Otariidae: Carnivora): new data for establishing independent evolutionary histories?

The South American fur seal (SAFS) is distributed from Peru (Pacific Ocean) to Uruguay (Atlantic Ocean). However, there is a section of coastline of about 2,300 km along the Chilean coast where no SAFS are recorded. Based on morphological comparisons 3 geographic forms have been reported (Peruvian, South Chilean, Atlantic), whereas preliminary genetic studies suggest the presence of 3 distinct genetic types (Peruvian, South Chile, Atlantic). However, both of these approaches are support only the existence of 2 independent evolutionary histories for SAFS (Peruvian, Atlantic), in which case, we would also expect to find some differences in the species’ life histories among these locals populations (e.g., in the timing of the breeding season). In this study, we compare the breeding seasons of SAFS at Punta Pichalo (19°36’S-Chile), Isla Guafo (43°33’S-Chile), and Isla de Lobos (35°01’S-Uruguay) with data published for Punta San Juan (15°21’S-Peru). The periods for establishing territories, pupping, and mating took place on similar dates at Isla Guafo and Isla de Lobos, but occurred about a month earlier at Punta Pichalo and Punta San Juan. Pupping peaked at Isla Guafo on 15-December, at Isla de Lobos on 17-December, and at Punta Pichalo on 27-November. These differences in timing were not related to demographic, oceanographic or photoperiod conditions of the breeding sites under study, neither is related with the latitudinal effects on the breeding phenology. Based on results, we suggest that certain characteristics of life history can help identify species with independent evolutionary historie

Dynamic equivalence between atomic and colloidal liquids

We show that the kinetic-theoretical self-diffusion coefficient of an atomic fluid plays the same role as the short-time self-diffusion coefficient D_S in a colloidal liquid, in the sense that the dynamic properties of the former, at times much longer than the mean free time, and properly scaled with D_S, will indistinguishable from those of a colloidal liquid with the same interaction potential. One important consequence of such dynamic equivalence is that the ratio D_L/ D_S of the long-time to the short-time self-diffusion coefficients must then be the same for both, an atomic and a colloidal system characterized by the same inter-particle interactions. This naturally extends to atomic fluids a well-known dynamic criterion for freezing of colloidal liquids[Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1557 (1993)]. We corroborate these predictions by comparing molecular and Brownian dynamics simulations on (soft- and hard-sphere) model systems, representative of what we may refer to as the "hard-sphere" dynamic universality class

Análisis distribucional de la abeja sin aguijón Scaptotrigona mexicana (Apidae: Meliponini) en México: Información de referencia para Veracruz

Objective: To obtain the specific geographic distribution based on the stingless bee Scaptotrigonna mexicana in Mexico and the state of Veracruz. Design/methodology/approach: 2202 coordinates of the Gbif database were filtered using a spocc database manager in the programming language R. Subsequently, 55 coordinates were obtained with which multiple models of maximum entropy were calibrated with nine predictive environmental variables of 19 initials in MaxEnt 3.3 .3 in ENMeval. The best performing model (AUC> 0.897 and AICc = 0) was reclassified into 5 categories of climatic suitability with the k-means clustering technique. Results: The specific geographic distribution pattern was obtained based on the climatic suitability of S. mexicana in Mexico and Veracruz, which was classified into five categories: very low or zero, low, medium, high and very high. Here we show two large zones of climatic suitability in Mexico for S. mexicana, which could be divided by the geographical barrier of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the first zone is located in the Sierra Norte de Puebla and Veracruz influenced by the Transversal Mountain System and the Sierra Madre Oriental and the second in the south of the country in the South Pacific Coast, Chiapas and Guatemala. The variables that determine this pattern is the seasonality of temperature and precipitation in the wettest and driest quarter. In Veracruz, 52 municipalities were divided into two large groups with potential for the exploitation and conservation of S. mexicana, the first in the North zone and the second in the Central Zone of the state. Findings/conclusions: The incorporation of environmental variables of greater spatial and temporal resolution is necessary to extend the accuracy of the pollination pattern of S. mexicana at local scales.Objetivo: Obtener la distribución geográfica específica con base en la abeja sin aguijón Scaptotrigona mexicana en México y el estado de Veracruz. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se filtraron 2202 coordenadas de la base de datos Gbif utilizando un gestor de base datos spocc en el lenguaje de programación R. Posteriormente se obtuvieron 55 coordenadas con las que se calibraron múltiples  modelos de máxima entropía con nueve variables ambientales predictivas de 19 iniciales en MaxEnt 3.3.3 en ENMeval. El modelo con mejor rendimiento (AUC> 0.897 y AICc = 0) se reclasificó en cinco categorías de idoneidad climática con la técnica de clustering k-means. Resultados: Se obtuvo el patrón de distribución geográfico específico basado en la idoneidad climática de S. mexicana en México y Veracruz, el cual se clasificó en 5 categorías: muy baja o nula, baja, media, alta y muy alta. Aquí mostramos dos grandes zonas de idoneidad climática en México para S. mexicana, las cuales podrían estar divididas por la barrera geográfica del Istmo de Tehuantepec, la primera zona se localiza en la Sierra Norte de Puebla y Veracruz influenciada por el Sistema Montañoso Transversal y la Sierra Madre Oriental y la segunda al sur de país en la Costa del Pacifico Sur, Chiapas y Guatemala. En Veracruz se encontraron 50 municipios divididos en dos grandes grupos con potencial para el aprovechamiento y conservación de S. mexicana, el primero en la zona Norte y el segundo en la Zona Centro del estado. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Es necesario la incorporación de variables ambientales de mayor resolución espacial y temporal, para ampliar la precisión del patrón de polinización de S. mexicana a escalas locales. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Existen dos grandes zonas de distribución de S. mexicana en en el país, localizadas en zona norte y la zona sur delimitados claramente por el Istmo de Tehuantepec. En Veracruz hay un total de 50 municipios distribuidos en la zona norte y centro que se benefician de forma potencial por el patrón de distribución S. mexicana, con medio, alto y muy alto para el aprovechamiento de la misma

Trail Marking by Caterpillars of the Silverspot Butterfly Dione Juno Huascuma

A pheromone is implicated in the trail marking behavior of caterpillars of the nymphalid silverspot butterfly, Dione juno huascuma (Reakirt) (Lepidoptera: Heliconiinae) that feed gregariously on Passiflora (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae) vines in Mexico. Although they mark pathways leading from one feeding site to another with silk, this study shows that the silk was neither adequate nor necessary to elicit trail following behavior. Caterpillars marked trails with a long-lived pheromone that was deposited when they brushed the ventral surfaces of the tips of their abdomens along branch pathways. The caterpillars distinguished between pathways deposited by different numbers of siblings and between trails of different ages. Caterpillars also preferentially followed the trails of conspecifics over those of another nymphalid, Nymphalis antiopa L., the mourning cloak butterfly