Comparative study of acute and chronic exposure of chloramphenicol on total lipid contents in different tissues of model animals, Lamellidens corrianus (Lea) and Parreysia cylindrica (Annandale and Prashad)

Upon lethal treatment of one of the broad spectrum antibiotics, chloramphenicol against the increase lipid contents in all tested tissues, there was increase in the total lipids content over different durations. Exposure to sub-lethal concentration, the amount of total lipids content, increased.   Changes in the lipid metabolism due to lethal concentration of chloramphenicol exposure could reveal the positive impact on the metabolic activities, which would result in increase in lipid contents in both the selected models, Lamellidens corrianus and   Parreysia cylindrica.   The acute dose of chloramphenicol given to Lamellidens corrianus was 470.37PPM and to Parreysia cylindrica was 369.09PPM.  The sub lethal concentrations used were 94.07 PPM in case of L. corrianus and 73.81 PPM in case of P. cylindrica up to 21 days.  The total lipid content was estimated after 24 and 96 hours of acute treatment and after 7, 14 and 21 days of chronic treatment in the mantle, gills, foot, ovary, testis, digestive glands and whole body of the bivalves. Upon acute and chronic exposure of chloramphenicol, L. corrianus and P. cylindrica showed increase in total lipid contents.  There was overall increase in lipid contents in different tissues of both the species of bivalves.  Ovary and testis showed marked increase against chloramphenicol treatment.  Maximum increase in lipid contents was found in ovary after chronic treatment and least by mantle at the same exposure.  The increase in lipid contents may be due to the lipogenesis occurring in the ovary for production and emission of gametes

The effect of chloramphenicol on ascorbic acid contents of Lamellidens corrianus (lea) and Parreysia cylindrica (Annandale and Prashad).

Lethal and sublethal exposure of chloramphenicol, one of the broad spectrum antibiotics, changed the ascorbic acid level in various tissues of the freshwater bivalves, L. corrianus and P. cylindrica.  The acute dose of chloramphenicol (LC50/2) 470.37PPM was given to L. corrianus and 369.09PPM to P. cylindrica up to 96 hours.  The chronic (LC50/10) concentrations used were 94.07 PPM and 73.81 PPM for L. corrianus and P. cylindrica respectively. up to 21 days.  The ascorbic acid contents were estimated in mantle, gill, foot, testis, ovary, whole body and digestive gland after 24 and 96 hours of acute and 7, 14 and 21 days of chronic exposure.The level of ascorbic acid showed decrease in gill and whole body exposed to chloramphenicol in L. corrianus.  The maximum decrease was observed in foot of L. corrianus while in P. cylindrica there was increase in ascorbic acid contents after chronic exposure of chloramphenicol.  The maximum ascorbic acid content was observed in mantle and lowest in digestive gland. In P. cylindrica maximum decrease was showed by digestive gland after chronic exposure of chloramphenicol

Protease production and enzymatic soaking of salt-preserved buffalo hides for leather processing

Response surface methodological (RSM) optimization of protease by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCM B327, increased 1.3-fold activity with 1% inoculum having cell density of 27.57 x 109 cells mL-1 at pH 7, 300C and 72 h of incubation. Protease enzyme recovered from P. aeruginosa showed characteristic activities against diverse proteins of hide. Enzyme was found to be active with substrates e.g. casein, Bovine serum albumin, gelatin, elastin, haemoglobin but inactive against keratin and collagen. During leather manufacturing, non-collagenase and non-keratinase activities have advantageous in a quality leather and hair saving process, respectively. Increased proteolytic enzyme concentration (0.1-0.5%) in soaking process showed increased water penetration because of hydrolysis of albumin and elastin proteins as indicated by opened fibers in histopathological sections. These findings suggest, protease secreted by P. aeruginosa may have application in soaking operation of leather processing for minimizing harmful deharing chemicals and processing time

Effect of L-Ascorbic Acid on the Glycogen Contents During Mercury Intoxication in the Freshwater Bivalve, Parreysia Cylindrica

Freshwater bivalve, Parreysia cylindrica was exposed to acute (0.6 ppm) and chronic (0.12 ppm) doses of HgCl2 and HgCl2 with several concentrations of ascorbic acid. Glycogen contents from mantle, foot, gills, gonads and digestive glands were estimated after 24 hours and 96 hours of acute and 7 days and 21 days of chronic exposure from each group of test animals. Depletion of glycogen contents in different tissues caused due to mercury stress was much more as compared to those exposed to HgCl2 with ascorbic acid

Design and Implementation of Position Estimator Algorithm on Voice Coil Motor

Voice Coil Motors (VCMs) have been an inevitable element in the mechanisms that have been used for precise positioning in the applications like 3D printing., micro-stereolithography., etc. These voice coil motors translate in a linear direction and require a high accuracy position sensor that amounts for a major part in the budget. In this research work., an effort has been made to design and implement an algorithm that would predict the displacement of VCM and eliminate the need of high cost sensors. VCM was integrated with dSPACE DS1104 R&D controller via linear current amplifier (LCAM) which acts as a driver circuit for VCM. Sine input was given to VCM with various amplitude and frequency and the corresponding displacement is measured by using linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). The position estimator algorithm is also implemented at the same time on VCM and its output is compared with that of LVDT. It is observed that there is 97.8 % accuracy in between algorithm output and LVDT output. Further., PID controller is used in integration with the novel algorithm to minimize the error. The estimator algorithm is tested for various amplitudes and frequencies and it is found that it has a very good agreement of 99.2% with the actual displacement measured with the help of LVDT

The Evaluation of Nickel Toxicty on Lamellidens marginalis

The study deals with calculation of LC10 and LC50 values for 24 and 96 hours. In present study, the toxicity of Nickel Chloride on Lamellidens marginalis showed that with increasing time and concentration, mortality rate increase.  From this investigation, the exact cause of their death is not known but it is proved that nickel chloride brings some changes in physiochemical properties of water and it affects the metabolic rate severally leading to the death of animals. The toxicity study provides the level of safe concentration of toxicant

Ovicidal effect of four plant extracts on the eggs of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton)

Extracts from Four plants, leaves of Argemone mexicana Euphorbia tirucalli, Nerium oleander and cotyledons of Semecarpus ancardium tested against eggs of Corcyra cephalonica. In contact toxicity test of different concentration of plant extract i.e 1ml, 2ml, 3ml and 4ml were applied on the freshly laid eggs. The inhibition of egg hatching increased with increased in concentration of plant extracts. It was observed that at 4 ml concentration of chloroform extract of Argemone mexicana exhibited 60.02 % ovicidal action whereas at the same concentration cotyledons of Semecarpus anacardium, phylloclade of Euphorbia tirucalli, Nerium oleander exhibit 45.72%, 34.64%, 39.83% respectively

Enzymatic Depilation of Animal Hide: Identification of Elastase (LasB) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCM B-327 as a Depilating Protease

Conventional leather processing involving depilation of animal hide by lime and sulphide treatment generates considerable amounts of chemical waste causing severe environmental pollution. Enzymatic depilation is an environmentally friendly process and has been considered to be a viable alternative to the chemical depilation process. We isolated an extracellular protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MCM B-327 with high depilation activity using buffalo hide as a substrate. This 33 kDa protease generated a peptide mass fingerprint and de novo sequence that matched perfectly with LasB (elastase), of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In support of this data a lasB mutant of MCM B-327 strain lacked depilatory activity and failed to produce LasB. LasB heterologously over-produced and purified from Escherichia coli also exhibited high depilating activity. Moreover, reintroduction of the lasB gene to the P. aeruginosa lasB mutant via a knock-in strategy also successfully restored depilation activity thus confirming the role of LasB as the depilating enzyme

Solid-state fermentation of oil palm frond petiole for lignin peroxidase and xylanase-rich cocktail production

In current practice, oil palm frond leaflets and stems are re-used for soil nutrient recycling, while the petioles are typically burned. Frond petioles have high commercialization value, attributed to high lignocellulose fiber content and abundant of juice containing free reducing sugars. Pressed petiole fiber is the subject of interest in this study for the production of lignocellulolytic enzyme. The initial characterization showed the combination of 0.125 mm frond particle size and 60% moisture content provided a surface area of 42.3 m2/g, porosity of 12.8%, and density of 1.2 g/cm3, which facilitated fungal solid-state fermentation. Among the several species of Aspergillus and Trichoderma tested, Aspergillus awamori MMS4 yielded the highest xylanase (109 IU/g) and cellulase (12 IU/g), while Trichoderma virens UKM1 yielded the highest lignin peroxidase (222 IU/g). Crude enzyme cocktail also contained various sugar residues, mainly glucose and xylose (0.1–0.4 g/L), from the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. FT-IR analysis of the fermented petioles observed reduction in cellulose crystallinity (I900/1098), cellulose–lignin (I900/1511), and lignin–hemicellulose (I1511/1738) linkages. The study demonstrated successful bioconversion of chemically untreated frond petioles into lignin peroxidase and xylanase-rich enzyme cocktail under SSF condition

Effect of nickel induced respiratory alterations in fresh water bivalve, lammellidens marginalis

The rate of oxygen consumption was measured in nickel chloride treated bivalve for 15 and 30 days and compared to the levels of controlled bivalves. The study shows that the average oxygen consumption rate was decreased in treated as compared to controlled bivalves