The effects of season and sex on fat, fatty acids and protein contents of Sepia officinalis in the northeastern Mediterranean Sea

PubMedID: 22106841The effects of season and sex on the fatty acids (FAs) and proximate compositions of the mantle of the mature common cuttlefish were evaluated. The results of the proximate composition showed that the lowest lipid content was obtained from females in winter (0.74%), whereas the highest level of lipid was found in males in autumn (0.94%; p < 0.05). The protein levels of the mantle of the mature male of common cuttlefish were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those found in female specimens. The FA compositions of each sex for all seasons ranged from 29.4% to 32.5% saturated FAs, 8.7-11.1% monounsaturated FAs and 48.2-54.6% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The proportions of n-3 PUFAs (44.0-50.6%) were higher than n-6 PUFAs (3.4-4.3%) regardless of sex and seasons. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in the mature common cuttlefish mantle in spring, autumn and winter were 15.9-17.8%, 16.3-17.2% and 15.7-16.8% while those of docosahexaenoic acid were 32.5-33.0%, 27.5-29.0% and 28.7-31.1%, respectively. © 2011 Informa UK, Ltd

Seasonal fat and fatty acids variations of seven marine fish species from the Mediterranean Sea

Seasonal variations of proximate compositions, muscle lipids and fatty acids (FA) of seven seawater species (Silllago sihoma, Upeneus pori, Sparus aurata, Saurida undosquamis, Epinephelus auneus, Mullus barbatus, Solea solea) from the Mediterranean Sea, were determined in all seasons. The results showed that the fatty acid compositions of each species ranged from 26.41 to 38.70% saturated (SFA), 13.78 to 26.52% monounsaturated (MUFAs) and 25.02 to 50.83% PUFAs. The highest proportions of EPA were obtained from M. barbatus (8.34%) in spring, S. sihoma (7.54%), U. pori (6.75%), S. aurata (6.31%), S. undosquamis (5.12%), E. auneus (5.10%) in summer, and also S. solea (6.19%) in spring. The highest proportions of DHA were found in spring, ranging from 25.14% for M. barbatus to 34.87% for S. aurata, except for S. solea (30.44%) in winter and S. sihoma (15.83%) in summer. The results showed that from a quality point of view, all species were suitable for human nutrition, since muscle lipids are rich in EPA+DHA in all seasons. Practical application: The American and Canadian Dietetic Associations recommend two servings of fatty fish per week and a daily combined intake of EPA and DHA of 500mg. This follows a trend of numerous publications and other guidelines recognizing the health benefits of long-chain n-3 PUFA from fish or marine microbial sources with respect to cardiovascular health, neurological diseases, infant health and development, inflammation and cancer and other health effects. The seven species analyzed here provide muscle lipids that are rich in EPA and DHA. Only minor season-to-season changes in the total content of n-3 and n-6 PUFA were observed for the same species. The results provide valuable information for preparing diet tables. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

The impact of gravading process on the quality of carp fillets (Cyprinus carpio): sensory, microbiological, protein profiles and textural changes

The chemical, sensory, microbiological, protein profile and textural changes of vacuum-packaged ‘gravad’ carp fillets (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during storage at 3 °C. Sensory analyses showed that vacuum-packed gravad was still acceptable at the end of 8 weeks of storage. Due to gravading, the total viable count did not exceed the acceptable limit of 106–107cfu g-1. Our SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that gravading caused a slight decrease in the relative intensity of myosin heavy chain (MHC), while the level of actin remained unchanged. Due to gravading, we found an increase in the values for cohesiveness and chewiness. The values for hardness and chewiness decreased which was accompanied by a slight reduction in springiness and cohesiveness. Texture profile analysis revealed that the a-value was higher in raw carp (RC) than in gravad carp before (GB) and after storage (GA); whereas the b-value was lower in RC than in GB and GA. © 2017, Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL)

Effects of laurel and myrtle extracts on the sensory, chemical and microbiological properties of vacuum-packed and refrigerated European eel (Anguilla anguilla) fillets

Summary: The effects of extracted natural antioxidant (laurel and myrtle) on the sensory, chemical (TVB-N, TBARS, PV, FFA and pH) and microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic bacteria and Enterbacteriaceae counts) properties of vacuum-packaged European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stored at 4 ± 1 °C were investigated. The TBARS values of myrtle were significantly lower than that of other groups. The peroxide value was low for European eel treated with myrtle and laurel extract. The FFA-free fatty acid concentration increased from 0.44 (% oleic acid) (2.03) in the eel during 24 days of storage. The values of pH showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) changes for all groups. The myrtle significantly reduced bacterial growth in fillets (P < 0.05). The microbiological limit of 7 log cfu per gram did not exceed in the treated groups. Data showed that the extracts of myrtle and laurel contain substances that inhibit oxidation of lipids and growth of bacteria in European eel, indicating the potential value of these extracts to extend the shelf life of fish. © 2013 Institute of Food Science and Technology

Evaluation of effects of nanoemulsion based on herb essential oils (rosemary, laurel, thyme and sage) on sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets during ice storage

Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of nanoemulsions containing herb oils (rosemary, laurel, thyme and sage) on the quality of rainbow trout were investigated. Fish fillets were immersed for 3 min in the nanoemulsions prepared with different oils. During 24 days of storage, sensory (raw and cooked), chemical (TBA (thiobarbituric acid), pH, TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen), PV (peroxide value), FFA (free fatty acids)) and microbiological quality (total mesophilic aerobic and psychrophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae count) of rainbow trout fillets in ice at 2 ± 2 °C were carried out. Nanoemulsions of essential oils enhanced organoleptic quality of rainbow trout. Shelf life of rainbow trout was found as 14 days for the control, 17 days for the treatment groups. The use of nanoemulsions based on all essential oils reduced the values of the biochemical parameters and slowed down the growth of bacteria. TVB-N values were lower in all samples than limit value. FFA and PV developed at a slower rate in the treated groups, especially in the rosemary group. The lowest bacterial numbers were obtained from rosemary followed by thyme group. Among the essential oils, it can be concluded that rosemary and thyme can be recommended for nanoemulsion as a preservative for fish fillets. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd213O283This work has been financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK–TOVAG- 213O283 ) and the authors also gratefully acknowledge the support provided by Cukurova University

The effects of seasonal dynamics on sensory, Chemical and microbiological quality parameters of vacuum-packed sardine (Sardinella aurita)

The effects of seasonal changes (winter and spring) on the quality of sardines stored at 4 °C were investigated in terms of sensory, biochemical (thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), peroxide value (PV) and free fatty acids (FFA) and microbiological parameters (total viable counts and coliforms). The limit for sensory acceptability of sardines stored in ice was 14 days and 18 days for winter and spring, respectively. Results showed that the TVB-N level did not exceed the acceptability limit (300-350 mg·kg-1) in both winter and spring seasons. Significantly higher PV and FFA (p &lt; 0.05) were determined for sardines in winter. Total viable counts of winter and spring sardines increased from the initial value of 3.40 log CFU·g-1 (day 0) to 7.74 log CFU·g-1 (day 18) and from 3.07 log CFU·g-1 to 6.33 log CFU·g-1 over the period of storage, respectively. In conclusion, samples obtained in winter season deteriorated more rapidly than those from the spring season. Chemical composition of fish, catching method, the condition of the fish before catching or harvesting, storage temperature and seasons may affect sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of fish. © 2014 Národné polnohospodárske a potravinárske centrum (Slovakia)

The effect of in ovo ethanol exposure on retina and optic nerve in a chick embryo model system.

Ocular anomalies seen in children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) suggest that ocular structures are sensitive to alcohol exposure during their development. This study was designed to investigate the effect of in ovo ethanol (EtOH) exposure on retinal development and myelinization of optic nerve fibers at an ultra structural level in a chick embryo model system. Prior to incubation, fertilized chicken eggs were injected once with 100 microl of either 0.9% NaCl (vehicle control), or EtOH solutions at different doses (10, 30, or 50%, v:v in 0.9% NaCl) into their air sacs and incubated at 37.5 degrees C and saturation humidity. On day 20 embryos were analyzed in terms of their viability and growth and the optic cups including the optic nerves were dissected out. Specimens were processed for electron microscopy (EM). Results showed that, EtOH significantly decreased the viability of chick embryos (P < 0.045), and caused significant prenatal growth retardation (P < 0.004) in a dose-dependant manner. Light microscopy of semi thin sections revealed that prenatal exposure to EtOH resulted in both retinal degeneration and optic nerve hypoplasia (P < 0.001) in a dose-dependant manner. EM revealed that a dose-dependant decrease in the number of myelinated nerve fibers was profound in groups exposed to EtOH (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the myelin coats observed were thinner than those seen in control embryos. In groups exposed to EtOH myelin sheets were unorganized and contained vacuolar structures in between them. The tissue in between the cells and optic nerve fibers, on the other hand, lost its intact appearance with vacuolar and vesicular structures in between them. In addition, the optic nerve fibers contained granular accumulations in EtOH exposed groups. A dose dependent degeneration was also observed in retinas of EtOH exposed groups. The effect of EtOH was profound in pigment epithelium (PE), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and ganglion cell layer (GC). Mitochondrial deficiencies, and alterations in melanin granule number and distribution dominated the defects seen in PE. On the other hand, EM findings of all the affected layers were suggestive of induced cell death in EtOH exposed groups. Thus, this study suggests retinal development with the emphasis on melanin pigmentation in PE and optic nerve myelinization as potential targets of prenatal EtOH exposure and discusses potential mechanisms of EtOH action on these tissues

Variation of fat and fatty acid composition of some pistachio genotypes

The aim of the study was to determine the fatty acid composition of some selected pistachio types, two domestic pistachio cultivars (Uzun and Siirt), four Iranian cultivars (Ohadi, Vahidi, Mumtaz and H. Serifi) and an American cultivar (Kerman). The fat content of pistachio seeds ranged from 35.38% (Mumtaz) to 51.68% (Sel-5). The fatty acid composition was determined after harvesting. The fatty acid composition of the pistachio genotypes ranged from 7.45-10.14% saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 55.23-77.61% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and 13.82-33.11% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio varied between 8.74 and 12.34

Light and electron microscope examination of the effects of methotrexate on the endosalpinx

WOS: 000229276900016PubMed: 15866094Objective: To examine the effects of increasing doses of methotrexate (Mtx) on the fallopian tubes. Study design: The study was carried out on 24 female rats (Albino Wistar type, 250-300 g). The rats were randomly divided into four groups of six. Different doses of Mtx were given to the rats by i.p. injection: 1 mg/kg to those in group 1, 5 mg/kg in group 2 and 10 mg/kg in group 3. Rats in group 4 received injections of physiological serum only and were treated as the control group. Ten days after the injection, the fallopian tubes of the rats were removed for examination separately by light and electron microscopy (EM) for comparison. Results: Light microscopy showed that in group I the surface epithelial cells were normal and the lamina propria was infiltrated by numerous inflammatory cells with a prevalence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Findings in groups 2 and 3 were similar: the lamina propria was infiltrated with granulocytes in one specimen from each of the two groups, and granulocytes were also observed among epithelial cells. In the control group all surface structures were found to be in a normal condition. Electron microscopy showed cilial loss in the epithelial cells and central crystolysis in mitochondria in all group I specimens. Findings in groups 2 and 3 were similar. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells seemed to be dense, there was prominent crystolysis (crystalloid formation) in the mitochondria, and vacuolisation (vacuole formation) in the cytoplasm seemed to be augmented. Cilial loss was prominent, and the basal membrane was irregular. Epithelial cell nuclei were in disorder. Lipid granules were observed extensively in epithelial cells. Eosinophils seemed to be dominant in connective tissues below the epithelium. In all control group specimens the epithelium seemed to be normal with all organelles in place; the condition of intercellular junctions, ciliated epithelium and all mitochondria also seemed to be normal, and the basal membrane was observed to be in order. Conclusion: In view of these findings, we conclude that the ultrastructural derangements resulting from administration of Mtx in doses in excess of I mg/kg can cause a reduction in the surface epithelium's ability to make rhythmic lashing movements and can impair the patency of the fallopian tubes. All these disturbances could be involved to some degree in the causation of infertility and recurrent ectopic pregnancy. Therefore, the dosage of Mtx should be limited to use of the lowest effective dose to avoid these adverse effects. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

The effect of in ovo ethanol exposure on retina and optic nerve in a chick embryo model system

Ocular anomalies seen in children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) suggest that ocular structures are sensitive to alcohol exposure during their development. This study was designed to investigate the effect of in ovo ethanol (EtOH) exposure on retinal development and myelinization of optic nerve fibers at an ultra structural level in a chick embryo model system. Prior to incubation, fertilized chicken eggs were injected once with 100 μl of either 0.9% NaCl (vehicle control), or EtOH solutions at different doses (10, 30, or 50%, v:v in 0.9% NaCl) into their air sacs and incubated at 37.5 °C and saturation humidity. On day 20 embryos were analyzed in terms of their viability and growth and the optic cups including the optic nerves were dissected out. Specimens were processed for electron microscopy (EM). Results showed that, EtOH significantly decreased the viability of chick embryos (P < 0.045), and caused significant prenatal growth retardation (P < 0.004) in a dose-dependant manner. Light microscopy of semi thin sections revealed that prenatal exposure to EtOH resulted in both retinal degeneration and optic nerve hypoplasia (P < 0.001) in a dose-dependant manner. EM revealed that a dose-dependant decrease in the number of myelinated nerve fibers was profound in groups exposed to EtOH (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the myelin coats observed were thinner than those seen in control embryos. In groups exposed to EtOH myelin sheets were unorganized and contained vacuolar structures in between them. The tissue in between the cells and optic nerve fibers, on the other hand, lost its intact appearance with vacuolar and vesicular structures in between them. In addition, the optic nerve fibers contained granular accumulations in EtOH exposed groups. A dose dependent degeneration was also observed in retinas of EtOH exposed groups. The effect of EtOH was profound in pigment epithelium (PE), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and ganglion cell layer (GC). Mitochondrial deficiencies, and alterations in melanin granule number and distribution dominated the defects seen in PE. On the other hand, EM findings of all the affected layers were suggestive of induced cell death in EtOH exposed groups. Thus, this study suggests retinal development with the emphasis on melanin pigmentation in PE and optic nerve myelinization as potential targets of prenatal EtOH exposure and discusses potential mechanisms of EtOH action on these tissues. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved