A preliminary study on radiolabeling and quality control of [99mTc]Tc-6-mercaptopurine to develop tumor scintigraphic agent

Aim: Cancer is one of the most cause of deaths in worldwide. 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) is successfully to treat leukemia. In recent years, 6-MP has remarkable properties for treating solid tumors. The aim of this study is to radiolabel 6-MP with [99mTc]Tc under appropriate conditions to develop tumor scintigraphic agent. Methods: In this work, 6-MP was radiolabeled using [99mTc]Tc radionuclide, and quality control experiment of [99mTc]Tc-6-MP were assessed via radioactive thin layer chromatography (RTLC). Also, the effect of critical parameters affecting the radiolabeling efficiency (reducing and antioxidant agent, incubation time, pH value, radiation dose) was evaluated. Then, the stability and lipophilicity tests of [99mTc]Tc-6-MP was performed. Results: According to the results, [99mTc]Tc-6-MP was prepared with over 93% labeling efficiency by a novel, easy, and quick direct method with 15-min incubation time at pH 7. To achieve the best radiolabeling condition; 0.5 mg.mL-1 of 6-MP solution, 250 µg of stannous tartrate (reducing agent), 0.050 mg ascorbic acid (antioxidant agent), and 37 MBq [99mTc]Tc was used. The RTLC studies indicated that [99mTc]Tc-6-MP is stable up to 6-h in room temperature. The logP of the [99mTc]Tc-6-MP were found to be -0.021 ± -0.001. Conclusions: The obtained results showed that radiolabeled 6-MP may be a promising tumor diagnostic agent. Further studies are in progress in order to evaluate tumor cell binding capacity and biodistribution of the complex in experimental animals

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A FRACTIONAL SVIR SYSTEM MODELING AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Infectious diseases spread by microorganisms, viruses and bacteria, which can be transmitted from individual to individual very quickly and adversely affect public health, need to be treated immediately. In order to eliminate the structures that are harmful to the body or to strengthen the immune system, which is the whole of cells, structures and processes, individuals are vaccinated and the disease is suppressed. Thus, communicable diseases are prevented from threatening public health significantly. This paper offers a nonlinear fractional order system for modeling the effects of vaccination on a SVIR infectious disease. To see the memory effect on the system parameters, the model defined by the ordinary differential equation is redefined with the Caputo fractional derivative. Afterwards, the stability analysis and explanations are given about the fractional infectious disease SVIR model, the existence and uniqueness of the system are made. When $R^{c}<1$, it is seen that the disease is under control by vaccination, through the figures obtained with the help of MATLAB for the fractional SVIR model

Investigation of Different Laboratory Aging Methods of Bituminous Mixtures

The predicted performance and service life of the pavement depend largely on the properties of bitumen used in the mixtures. The&nbsp;most important feature of bitumen, which has profound effect on the performance of the road is durability. The durability of bitumen is expressed as the resistance to aging. In this study, the bituminous mixture aging was performed instead of bitumen aging in order to represent the aging in the field in the best possible way. The aim of this paper is to evaluate different proposed laboratory aging methods (NCHRP 09-52, NCHRP 09-54 and RILEM) in relation with the current Standard AASHTO R30 (Standard Practice For Mixture Conditioning of Hot Mix Asphalt standard) and to make comparison with the samples performance taken from the field in terms of Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS). The level of aging has also been compared with the samples taken from recently constructed pavement surface and from the five years old pavement surface. Results depicted that, laboratory aging methods revealed the field aging properties on the unaged bitumen. Based on the results, 2 hours forced draft oven aging at 135°C is recommended as short term aging condition because, 2 hours or 4 hours short term forced draft oven aging did not yield significant variation in terms of ITS values. Additionally, 120 hours (5 days) oven aging of compacted samples at 85°C can be recommended as long term aging condition

Development and validation of UV/VIS spectroscopy method for determination of atezolizumab in pharmaceutical products

Aim: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple, fast, and reliable UV visible methodology for the determination of atezolizumab in pharmaceutical products. Methods: The maximum wavelength of atezolizumab was determined using a UV/Vis spectrum and the calibration curve has been established. Validation studies were carried out to determine the reliability of the spectrophotometer method used in quantification of pharmaceutical products. Results: According to the experimental data, the developed method was linear in a range varying from 0.10 to 1.50 mg.mL-1 determined by 6 individuals calibrations points. The r2 value was 0.9995 indicating a 99.95% correlation in linearity and precision. The robustness showed good and similar values and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.005 mg.mL-1 and 0.018 mg.mL-1, respectively. Conclusion: The data corroborates the reliability as applicability of the developed UV/Vis spectroscopy method for quantitatively determining the amount of atezolizumab in pharmaceutical products

99mTc-exendin-4: Radiolabeling and quality control studies of glucagon-like peptide analog

Aim: Exendin-4 is a type 2 diabetes antidiabetic drug that is a peptide agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R). Up to date, different exendin-4 compounds have been radiolabeled with many radioisotopes such as 68Ga, 18F, 64Cu and 99mTc for various purposes like study of over expression of GLP-1R in insulinoma. The purpose of this study is to radiolabel exendin-4 with 99mTc under appropriate conditions. Methods: In this study, exendin-4 was labeled with 99mTc, and quality control tests of 99mTc-exendin-4 were done using ascending radioactive thin layer chromatography (RTLC). Also, the effects of important parameters such as the amount of reducing agent, pH value, incubation time, and radiation dose on the labeling efficiency were investigated. Then, the stability of 99mTc-exendin-4 was assessed. Results: According to the results, 99mTc-exendin-4 was prepared with over 95 percent labeling efficiency by a novel, easy, and quick direct method with 30-min incubation time at pH 6.6. To achieve the best radiolabeling condition; 10 µg of exendin-4, 50 µg of stannous chloride (reducing agent) and 37 MBq 99mTc was used. The RTLC studies indicated that 99mTc-exendin-4 is stable up to 6 h in room temperature. Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrated that radiolabeled exendin-4 may be a promising agent for GLP-1R imaging studies. Further studies are in progress in order to evaluate receptor binding capacity and biodistribution of the complex in experimental animals

Total and partial ear epithesis : two case reports with review of literature.

Auricular defects may be congenitally or occur secondary to trauma or surgical removal of a neoplasm. Treatment options for the reconstruction of the ear may include either plastic surgery or provision of an auricular prosthesis.The requirements of prosthesis are esthetics, retention and stability, alignment and positioning, biocompatibility, and longevity. In the present study we present  2 patients (a partial and a total auricular defects) were rehabilitated with epistheses that were constructed on endosteal titanium implants of the ITI system with magnetive anchors in mastoid process. The success of both 2 epithesis compared in terms of function, aesthetics and psychological activity

Comparison of Outcomes of Recorded Lecture and Hands-on Course Education in Orthodontic Cast Analysis

Purpose:The aim of this study was to compare recorded lecture education (RLE) and hands-on course education (HCE) via the test of orthodontic cast analysis lesson, which is prepared according to the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy.Methods:In our single-blinded, randomized, cross-sectional study, 87 students (45 female, 42 male) were divided into 2 groups. In the first group, HCE was used; the second group was given an RLE. One week later, 5 questions prepared by SOLO taxonomy were given to both groups. For scores of intergroup comparisons, the Mann-Whitney U test was used, and for intragroup comparisons, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used.Results:There was no statistically significant difference between the groups’ gender distribution (p.0.05). Examination scores of girls and boys did not differ significantly (p.0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the comparison of average of scores in the HCE group (p,0.05). There was also a statistically significant difference in the average of scores of the RLE group. The averages of scores of the HCE group were found to be significantly higher than RLE group scores (p,0.05), excluding the first, fourth, and fifth questions.Conclusion:Hands-on course education, to which the students are accustomed and with which students are more comfortable asking questions in the classroom and expressing their opinions easily, have higher success rates when compared with RLE

Fiberle güçlendirilmiş kompozit köprü (vaka raporu)

Since glass fiber reinforced composite (FRC) fixed partial dentures have aesthetic and economic superiorities, are easy to repair and require no preparation on sound teeth, they present an alternative treatment and advantage choice both for patient and the clinician. Today FGK restorations are becoming more popular with developing of the mechanical and esthetics characteristic since its introduction. FGK prosthesis can be fabricated either by a dental technician in the dental laboratuary or by a dentist in chairside. FGK restorations contain a fiber reinforced composite substructure and a special composite material covering it. When compared with metal substructures, their advantages are translucency, good adhesion, easy repair capability and non-corrosiveness. This case report describes treatment of a patient with unaesthetic appearance because of the maxillary missing left lateral and cross occlusion the maxillary left canin teeth using fiber reinforced composite resin-fixed partial denture. This treatment choice eliminated the longtime orthodontic treatment and preparation on sound teeth. ÖZET Günümüzde fiberle güçlendirilmiş kompozit (FGK) sabit parsiyel protezler estetik ve ekonomik olmaları, kolay tamir edilebilmeleri ve destek dişlerde fazla preperasyon gerektirmemeleri sayesinde hem hasta hem de hekim açısından alternatif ve avantajlı bir tedavi seçeneği sunmaktadır. FGK’ler geliştirilen mekanik ve estetik özellikleri ile daha popüler bir hale gelmiş ve FGK sistemlerin restoratif diş hekimliğinde kullanımları ilk üretildikleri günden bugüne artmıştır. FGK sabit parsiyel protezler, diş teknisyeni tarafından laboratuarda veya diş hekimi tarafından hasta başında hazırlanabilmektedirler. FGK sabit parsiyel protezler, fiberle güçlendirilmiş bir kompozit altyapıyı ve onu kaplayan özel kompozit materyalini içerirler. Metal alaşımlarla kıyaslandıklarında translüsent olmaları, iyi bağlanabilme özelliklerinin olması ve tamir edilebilmelerinin kolay olması yanında koroziv olmamaları gibi dişer avantajları da bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, maksillar sol lateral diş eksikliği ve maksillar sol kanin dişin ters kapanışta olan bir hastadaki estetik bozukluğun, uzun ortodontik tedavi yada implant cerrahisine gerek kalmaksızın az bir preperasyonla FGK köprü ile tedavisi anlatılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler; Fiberle güçlendirilmiş kompozit köprüler, adeziv köprüler

The relationship between sleep quality and dyspnoea severity in patients with COPD

Objectives: This study aimed to determine sleep quality, frequency and severity of dyspnoea in COPD patients and to evaluate the relationship between dyspnoea severity and sleep quality. Method: The sample of the study consisted of 110 patients admitted to the Chest Diseases polyclinic of a private hospital and diagnosed as COPD for at least one year. The data of the study were collected using the "Individual Information Form", "COPD and Asthma Sleep Scale (CASIS)" and "Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnoea Scale\u201d. Results: It was found that 6.4% of the patients did not experience dyspnoea, 34.5% had mild, 40.9% had moderate, and 18.2% had severe dyspnoea. The mean CASIS score of the patients without dyspnoea was 29.08\ub17.83, with mild dyspnoea was 40.22\ub19.30, with moderate dyspnoea was 50.31\ub18.97 and with severe dyspnoea was 56.96\ub113.13. There was a statistically significant difference between dyspnoea severity and mean CASIS score (p=0.001). Correlation analysis between MRC dyspnoea scale and CASIS score showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.61 p=0.001). Conclusion: It was concluded that the majority of COPD patients had moderate or poor sleep quality and dyspnoea. As dyspnoea severity increases, sleep quality decreases