The genetic architecture of membranous nephropathy and its potential to improve non-invasive diagnosis

Membranous Nephropathy (MN) is a rare autoimmune cause of kidney failure. Here we report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for primary MN in 3,782 cases and 9,038 controls of East Asian and European ancestries. We discover two previously unreported loci, NFKB1 (rs230540, OR = 1.25, P = 3.4 × 10-12) and IRF4 (rs9405192, OR = 1.29, P = 1.4 × 10-14), fine-map the PLA2R1 locus (rs17831251, OR = 2.25, P = 4.7 × 10-103) and report ancestry-specific effects of three classical HLA alleles: DRB1*1501 in East Asians (OR = 3.81, P = 2.0 × 10-49), DQA1*0501 in Europeans (OR = 2.88, P = 5.7 × 10-93), and DRB1*0301 in both ethnicities (OR = 3.50, P = 9.2 × 10-23 and OR = 3.39, P = 5.2 × 10-82, respectively). GWAS loci explain 32% of disease risk in East Asians and 25% in Europeans, and correctly re-classify 20-37% of the cases in validation cohorts that are antibody-negative by the serum anti-PLA2R ELISA diagnostic test. Our findings highlight an unusual genetic architecture of MN, with four loci and their interactions accounting for nearly one-third of the disease risk

Turkish Laicism in Indonesia's Newspapers (1920-1940) and Its Influence on Indonesian Secularists and Muslims Thoughts

The Republic of Turkey was established in 1923 after the Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne were ratified by the Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kamal. This establishment has marked the beginning of a new era in the political, social, economic, and cultural lives of Turks. The main concern for Turkish statesmen was laicism. The policy has a significant effect on the global world, especially for the Dutch Indies. The purpose of this article is to provide a critical analysis of the roles of Indonesian-language newspapers in informing Dutch Indies citizens about Turkey's secularization process and how newspapers served as the primary medium for disseminating information about Turkey. Through newspapers, Muslims from Nusantara (the archipelago) expressed their views on the Turks' secularisation efforts. This study employed a historical method using contemporary Indonesian-language newspapers from the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia. The news of Turkey's secularisation had a significant impact on the thoughts of Indonesian secularists and Muslims in laying the nation's foundation in the 1940s