Spatial Development Tendencies and Emergence of New Industrial Districts in Turkey in the Post-1980 Era

The aim of this paper is to analyse the changing macro-economic policies and their spatial impacts on the economic geography of Turkey after 1980’s. The first section of the chapter is focused on the two main macro-economic policies namely inward-oriented development strategy prior to the year of 1980 and the outward-oriented development strategy after 1980. In the second section of the article regional disparities and the regional development policies in Turkey are briefly discussed. In the next section spatial effects of the outward oriented policies are analysed focusing on the spatial distribution of industry. Industrial shifts indicate that there are mainly four spatial development tendencies in Turkey namely, the rise of metropolitan cities as service centres, the industrial growth of hinterland provinces that are neighbouring cities around metropolitan cities on the basis of decentralising industry, the decline of economic activities in the provinces in which state economic enterprises are common, and the emergence of the new industrial districts/ cities on the basis of SMEs’ networks and sectoral specialisation. The last section of the paper analyses the emergence of new industrial districts in Turkey focusing on the main features of five territorial cities namely Denizli, Gaziantep, Çorum, Kayseri and Kahramanmaraþ. It is concluded that the new industrial districts developed on the basis of SME clusters have crushed the spatial development trends in Turkey based on metropolitan cities and they have conveyed the development dynamics to small and medium sized Anatolian cities. The districts that have followed a development path within the framework of their own endogenous potentials have succeeded in becoming a centre of attraction and have started to serve a significant function in the transfer of development to the less developed Anatolia. By disrupting the unbalanced development tendencies on the national level, emerging around a few growth poles, they have yielded an alternative development tendency against the polarised development tendencies.

Simulated architecture and its impacts on education: The Case of Turkey

The contemporary phase of modernity developed after the Second World War is based on the technological progress. The new technology has been the dominant factor for transforming man's life redefining the concepts of knowledge, space, time, materiality, reality, community, identity, culture and art. It affected the limits of the body and mind offering a new mode of materiality and spatiality. New representation techniques such as virtual reality and cyberspace, global communication networks, circulation of information worldwide influenced the architectural practise and gradually its education. Recent projects and the outcomes of the design studios in various architectural schools show that contemporary architecture obeys to the new technology. Architects seemed to have become obsesses with images and image –making by the possibilities of the computer technology and digital world. Architecture as the historical profession of ‘place making' in relation to human senses and body is seems to engage itself to invent new complex spatial and surface forms by challenging the old tools of architecture. As a result, computer technology is widely used in practice and education regardless of the local characteristics. Major schools of architecture in Turkey promote uses of digital design schemes for the name of being contemporary. This in turn creates a dependency on digitally produced design schemes and projects. The worldly experiences of space, awareness of traditional architecture and local environment has weakened. On the contrary it dictated students of architecture to see the design in terms of digitally produced visual representations. This paper will discuss the impact of digital representation techniques in the architectural design education in Turkey. The outcomes of this research encourage the author to argue that architectural education should be based on the man's world of lived experiences, of sensations, of perceptions and of needs rather than on hallucinations. It seems vital that architectural education needs to revise its task, objectives and responsibilities before the seductive digital, virtual environment replaces the worldly environment which is the original in which architecture was formed

Loss of heterozygosity in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. The development and progression of CRC is a multistep process, which involves many dietary and environmental factors. A great number of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and DNA repair genes contribute to molecular and biological features of CRC, providing us much essential information about the pathogenesis of this disease. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of tumour suppressor genes was observed at various loci ondifferent chromosomes like 1p, 1q, 4q, 5q, 8p, 9q, 11q, 12p, 14q, 15q, 17p, 17q, 18p, 18q and 22q in CRCs. In this review, the loss of heterozygosity in patients with colorectal cancer and the interrelationship between tumour suppressor genes and colorectal cancer initiation and progression are discussed

Student Achievement in Turkey, According to Question Types Used in PISA 2003-2012 Mathematic Literacy Tests

The aim of this study is to determine the level of achievement of students participating in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003 and PISA 2012 tests in Turkey according to questions in the mathematical literacy test. This study is a descriptive survey. Within the scope of the study, the mathematical literacy test items were classified as multiple-choice, complex multiple-choice and constructed response items according to the different question types. The ratio of correct and partially correct and incorrect response given to each question type has been determined. Findings show that the achievements of students differ according to different types of questions. While the question type with the highest success average in the PISA 2003 test was multiple-choice, students got the highest scores from complex multiple-choice questions in the PISA 2012 test. The questionnaire with the lowest success average was found to be complex multiple-choice questions in the PISA 2003 test while students got the lowest scores from constructed response items in the PISA 2012 test. According to the constructivist education approach effectuated in 2005-2006 academic year, it is expected to observe a rise in constructed response question type; however, findings of the study reveal that the success of constructed response questions is decreased according to the application years

Effect of the deposition time on optical and electrical properties of semiconductor ZnS thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition

Semiconductor ZnS thin films have been deposited by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) on a glass substrate at 80 °C with different deposition time (4, 6 and 8 h). The films have been further studied in order to determine the change in optical and electrical properties as a function of deposition time. The film thicknesses have been calculated between 210–1375 nm by using gravimetrical analysis. The optical properties of ZnS thin films have been determined by transmittance (%T) and absorbance (A) measurements by UV-Vis spectroscopy operated wavelength range between 300 and 1100 nm at room temperature. The optical transmittance values of ZnS thin films in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum have been found to be between 51–90%. The calculations indicate that the refractive index (n) in the visible region is between 1.40 and 2.45. The optical band gaps (Eg) of thin films have been calculated between 3.61–3.88 eV while the band edge sharpness values (B) are varied between 6.95×109–8.96×1010 eV/cm2. The specific resistivity values (ρ) of the films are found to be between 1.08×105–1.01×106 Ω·cm and exhibit an n-type conductivity by Hall measurement

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma

Experimental tumors have great importance in modeling, and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) is one of the commonest tumors. EAC is referred to as an undifferentiated carcinoma and is originally hyperdiploid, has high transplantable capability, no-regression, rapid proliferation, shorter life span, 100% malignancy and also does not have tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA). Frequently, tumor virulence increases via repetitious passages, while the proliferating rate of such tumors increases gradually. However, the differentiation gradually disappears, while the cells get free growth control mechanisms, gain hetero-transplantability and in the end, they are converted to the ascites’ form. EAC resembles human tumors which are the most sensitive to chemotherapy due to the fact that they are undifferentiated and that they have a rapid growth rate. The ideal drug being ineffective or minimally effective for normal cells have been focused on, and at this point, the usage of natural sources as an alternative cancer therapy is thought to have a great value for cancer control and programs’ destruction.Key words: carcinoma, transplantabilit