Regional Imbalances and Inequalities in Nigeria: Causes, Consequences and Remedies

Regional inequality and polarization of activities have persisted in most developing countries despite their quest over many decades for socio-economic and political development and modernization. This condition contributes to serious distributional problems such as hyper-urbanization, spatial concentration of population and modern activities, unemployment and underemployment, income inequality and poverty, persistent food shortages, deteriorating material conditions of farm populations, and external dependency. This paper seeks to evaluate the causes and consequences of regional imbalances and inequalities in Nigeria, and attempt the strategies that can be employed in correcting the imbalances. It thereafter, recommends remedies such as special government policies, legislative measures, urban development planning, integrated rural development planning, and strict adherence to the principle of federal character as entrenched in the constitution of the country. It also recommends massive concentration of industrial development in rural areas across the nooks and crannies of the country as a way of reducing the imbalances. Keywords: Region, imbalance, poverty, planning, development, causes, consequences, remedie

High prevalence of hepatitis B virus among female sex workers in Nigeria

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in Nigeria and constitutes a public health menace. The prevalence of HBV infection in many professional groups has been described in Nigeria. However, literature on HBV infection among female sex workers (FSW) in Nigeria is scanty. FSW in Nigeria are not subjected to a preventive control of HBV infection. This study assesses the extent of spread of HBV among FSW in Nigeria. Seven hundred and twenty (n = 720) FSW (mean age = 26.7 years) were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by a double antibody sandwich ELISA method. The overall HBV prevalence among the FSW was 17.1%. FSWs between the ages of 31-35 year (20.5%) and those with 'age-at-first-sex' below 10 years of age (28%) were most affected. This high prevalence of a vaccine preventable disease is unacceptable, therefore, vaccination of this high risk HBV reservoir group should be considered worthwhile.A hepatite pelo vírus B (HBV) é infecção endêmica na Nigéria e constitui problema de saúde pública. A prevalência da infecção HBV em muitos grupos profissionais foi descrito na Nigéria. No entanto, a literatura da infecção HBV entre trabalhadoras do sexo feminino (FSW) na Nigéria é escasso. FSW na Nigéria não são submetidas a um controle preventivo de infecção de HBV. Este estudo avalia a extensão da disseminação de HBV entre FSW na Nigéria. Setecentos e vinte (n = 720) FSW (média de idade = 26,7 anos) foram testadas para antígeno de superfície da hepatite B (HBsAg) pelo método ELISA usando sandwich de duplos anticorpos. A prevalência total de HBV entre o FSW foi 17,1%. FSWs entre as idades de 31-35 anos (20,5%) e abaixo de 10 anos de idade (28%) foram mais afetadas. Esta alta prevalência de doença evitável pela vacinação é inaceitável, portanto, vacinação deste grupo de alto risco de HBV deve ser considerada fundamental

MODELLING OF A PRE-HOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE FLOW PROCESS USING TIMED COLOURED PETRI NETS

Pre-hospital emergency care service is a major gateway to the Accident and Emergency Department that determines the rate of quality emergency service in hospitals. In this paper, Timed Coloured Petri Nets (TCPN) formalism is employed to model a pre-hospital emergency care flow process which is characterized by ambulance localization and emergency call responses using Osun State Emergency Management Ambulance Service (O’ambulance) as a case study. The developed TCPN model consists of Next Arrival Call (NAC) and Process Emergency Call (PEC) modules. The NAC module abstracted the emergency calls that were received by one (1) call receiver agent being utilized while the PEC module abstracts the operation (services) carried out in the units. The developed TCPN model was simulated using Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) tools while its validation was explored by comparing the simulated and actual rescue team average response time and turn-around times of the rescue teams in operation at the considered case study. The simulation results of the developed TCPN model yielded maximum Average Waiting Times (AWT) of 1.65 and 0.35 minutes using one and two emergency call receiver agents, respectively. Also, the simulation results showed that 7.05, 26.17 and 35.13 minutes were recorded as minimum values for Rescue team Average Response Time (RART), Rescue team Turn-around Time in case of non-critical (RTTNC) and Rescue team Turn-around Time Critical (RTTC), respectively. Similarly, the simulation results showed that RART, RTTNC and RTTC yielded maximum values of 15, 34 and 41.62 minutes, respectively. Statistically, there were no significant differences between the simulated and the real number of patients entering the health centre at 5% level. This gave a confirmation that the developed TCPN model accurately described the pre-hospital emergency care flow process under study. The developed TCPN model could serve as a referential model for studying and improving pre-hospital emergency care flow process in a named ambulance centre

DEVELOPMENT OF A MODIFIED PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION BASED CULTURAL ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING UNIVERSITY TIMETABLING PROBLEM

Timetabling problems are search problems in which courses must be arranged around a set of timeslots so that some constraints are satisfied. However, slow convergence speed and high computational complexity are one of drawbacks limiting the efficiency of the existing timetabling algorithms. In this paper, a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization based Cultural Algorithm which is characterized with low computational complexity and high convergence speed was developed for solving university lecture timetabling problems. The standard Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was modified by introducing influence factors and acceleration component in order to improve the converge speed of the algorithm. Cultural algorithm was formulated by incorporating the Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) into its population space. Thus, the developed Modified Particle Swarm Optimization based Cultural Algorithm could be implemented and employed for solving lecture timetabling problems in higher institutions

Young People, Consumer Citizenship and Protest: The Problem with Romanticizing the Relationship to Social Change

This article critically interrogates the assumption that young people operate at the ‘cutting edge’ of social change. Arguing that the ideological impact of consumption on young people’s everyday lives is such that young people are almost obliged to reinforce the status quo rather than to undermine it, the article considers the impact of young people’s status as consumer citizens. Using the London riots of 2011 riots as a means of briefly reflecting upon the degree to which young people are in opposition to the consumer society, the argument is made that youth researchers have tended to romanticize young people’s relationship to social change and that this is the result of their own sense of political disillusionment in what is essentially a consumer society

A Mathematical Programming Model and Enhanced Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the School Timetabling Problem

Despite significant research efforts for School Timetabling Problem (STP) and other timetabling problems, an effective solution approach (model and algorithm) which provides boundless use and high quality solution has not been developed. Hence, this paper presents a novel solution approach for solving school timetabling problem which characterizes the problem-setting in the timetabling problem of the high school system in Nigeria. We developed a mixed integer linear programming model and meta-heuristic method - Enhanced Simulated Annealing (ESA) algorithm. Our method incorporates specific features of Simulated Annealing (SA) and Genetic Algorithms (GA) in order to solve the school timetabling problem. Both our solution approach and SA approach were implemented using Matrix Laboratory 8.6 software. In order to validate and demonstrate the performance of the developed solution approach, it was tested with the highly constrained school timetabling datasets provided by a Nigerian high school using constraints violation, simulation time and solution cost as evaluation metrics. Our developed solution approach is able to find optimal solution as it satisfied all the specified hard and soft constraints with average simulation time of 37.91 and 42.16 seconds and solution cost of 17.03 and 18.99, respectively, for JSS and SSS to the problem instance. A comparison with results obtained with SA approach shows that the developed solution approach produced optimal solution in smaller simulation time and solution cost, and has a great potential to solve school timetabling problems with satisfactory results. The developed ESA algorithm can be used for solving other related optimization problems

Workshops zum sensorischen Wohlbefinden für stationäre und tagesklinische Patienten mit Anorexia nervosa

BACKGROUND: The wellbeing of patients with eating disorders is one of the priorities in the “bigger picture” of treatment for eating disorders. Sensory soothing strategies for sensory sensitivities are supportive tools which could be useful in day-care and inpatient clinical programmes. METHODS: Evaluation of multiple separate sensory wellbeing workshops consisting of psychoeducation and experiential components delivered in inpatient and intensive day-care services was performed. Participants’ self-report questionnaires were evaluated pre- and post-workshop. Additionally, patients’ comments and qualitative feedback was collected after completion of the workshop. RESULTS: There was strong evidence that self-reported awareness of sensory wellbeing, awareness of strategies to enhance sensory wellbeing, and confidence in managing sensory wellbeing increased after the workshops with positive qualitative feedback from participants. The feedback questionnaires highlighted that patients found the sessions useful and were able to use some of the skills and strategies they learned in the workshop. CONCLUSION: This pilot work on sensory wellbeing workshops with a protocol-based format was feasible and beneficial for the patient group. Preliminary evidence suggests that delivery of similar workshops could be sensible in addition to treatment as usual in inpatient and day-care programmes

Assessing the Effects of Coronavirus Outbreaks on the Demand for Electronic Health In Nigeria

Electronic health (e-Health) and Mobile health (m-Health) is perceived as opportunity for patients to access their health care providers in the developing countries during coronavirus pandemic as it has been found to contribute tremendously to health care provision in the developed world even before the pandemic. This study attempts to assess how residents of developing countries annexe e-health and m-health during coronavirus outbreak. More specifically, the study analyses the demand for and adoption of electronic health in the face of coronavirus pandemic in Nigeria (a developing country) using Borgu local government, Niger state as case study. It was found that during the outbreak, residents of the local government did not significantly adopt electronic health during the pandemic majorly due to access to community health worker and cost of adopting electronic health facilities. It was recommended that government and relevant health care agencies that deal policy formulation take necessary measure to encourage wider acceptance of electronic health in Nigeria