The Bondo Stakeholders' Workshop, February 26th - 27th, 2001

This paper is a review of the workshop held at Bondo in Kenya to assess the role of local stakeholders in the of co-management of Lake Victoria's fisheries within the frame of the LVFRP

The World of the Seafarer

This open access book constitutes an ethnographic mosaic which depicts the contextual complexities of the life and work of seafarers who are employed in the international merchant cargo fleet. The collection is based upon the observations and interviews of researchers in multiple disciplines. It is woven together to offer a richly detailed insight into the ways in which a complex global industry operates internationally. The book covers issues to do with career decisions and recruitment, gender, life and work on board multinational vessels, health and safety issues, the regulation of the industry, shipboard roles and role conflict, and the representation of workers. It will be of considerable interest to all students globally who are studying for professional seafaring qualifications, to graduate students studying for masters courses in ship and port management, and to welfare professionals and policy makers. It is of special interest to those connected to the shipping industry who specialize in issues relating to 'the human element' and will serve as a paradigm defining text in this area

The World of the Seafarer

This open access book constitutes an ethnographic mosaic which depicts the contextual complexities of the life and work of seafarers who are employed in the international merchant cargo fleet. The collection is based upon the observations and interviews of researchers in multiple disciplines. It is woven together to offer a richly detailed insight into the ways in which a complex global industry operates internationally. The book covers issues to do with career decisions and recruitment, gender, life and work on board multinational vessels, health and safety issues, the regulation of the industry, shipboard roles and role conflict, and the representation of workers. It will be of considerable interest to all students globally who are studying for professional seafaring qualifications, to graduate students studying for masters courses in ship and port management, and to welfare professionals and policy makers. It is of special interest to those connected to the shipping industry who specialize in issues relating to 'the human element' and will serve as a paradigm defining text in this area

Management of the Effects of Land Use Changes on Urban Infrastructure Capacity: A Case Study of Ruaka Town, Kiambu County, Kenya

Land use change is a major driver to the effects of climate change and other socio-economic and environmental challenges, a major challenge policy makers, planners and urban managers grapple with. Ruaka town is no exception as it faces high rapid land use change with myriad challenges on the management of the effects on urban infrastructure and aggravated by inadequate inter-agencies, coordination and collaboration. The study is an investigation of the effects of land use changes on urban infrastructure (roads, water supply, and wastewater infrastructure). It seeks to answer the drivers of land use changes and document the spatial-temporal land use changes between the years 1988 to 2019, establish their effects on infrastructure. The study establishes decline in vegetation and agriculture and rise in built -up areas which is partially contributed by urbanization and population growth in the area with major land fragmentations and land use conversions. The findings reveal encroachment of development to vegetation and riparian reserves which expose the human population to disasters and calamities in cases of climate change. Lack of approved planning policy has encouraged massive land use changes due to the ad hoc nature of planning using the development control tools which are not documented. The key drivers of land use changes deduced were good accessibility of the area, land speculation for investments, high returns from investments, demand for housing and accommodation and high population growth. The adverse effects on urban infrastructure includes pollution and contamination of water sources, traffic congestion, use of unconventional onsite waste management practices such as pit latrines and septic tanks for waste water management.The study concluded by evolving a management strategy to unravel the challenges through promotion of a sustainable and resilient urban infrastructure. The strategies emphasize on the technical, social, economic, environmental and jurisdictional dimensions. Key Terms: County Government, Development, Land Cover, Land Use, Land, Sustainable Development, Urban Infrastructure and Urban Sprawl. DOI: 10.7176/CER/11-7-03 Publication date: August 31st 201

Determination of essential and heavy metals in Kenyan honey by atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy

Due to the nutritive and medicinal value of honey for both man and animals, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the minerals is of great importance. Heavy metals and high concentration of essential metals can be toxic both to man and animals. Rapid increase in industrialisation in Kenya has led to environmental pollution, hence increase of these metals in honey. In this project, honey samples collected from different parts of Kenya, namely, Laikipia, Baringo, Nairobi, Ngong, Mbeere, Embu, Kitui, Kibwezi and Lamu were analysed to determine the levels of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, As) and essential metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe). The samples were analysed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES). Hydride generation -atomic absorption spectroscopy (HG - AAS) was used to determine  arsenic. Results obtained from this study showed that K, Na, Ca and Mg had mean values ranged from 781.52±0.09 to 172.83±0.02 ppm, 269.1 to 98.04±0.03 ppm, 70.17±3.9 ppm to 19.33±4.07 ppm and 41.88 ±0.92 to 12.64 ±0.43 ppm respectively. Most of the samples had a high level of Zn with mean value 0.19±0.06 ppm followed by Pb with of mean value  0.16±0.10 ppm, then Cu with a mean value of 0.02±0.01 ppm followed by Cd with a mean value of 0.02±0.01ppm and finally As with a mean value of 0.01±0.01 ppm. The concentration of Pb in most samples was found to be above the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) limits of 0.1 ppm in food products

Implementation of repeat HIV testing during pregnancy in Kenya: a qualitative study.

BackgroundRepeat HIV testing in late pregnancy has the potential to decrease rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV by identifying mothers who seroconvert after having tested negative for HIV in early pregnancy. Despite being national policy in Kenya, the available data suggest that implementation rates are low.MethodsWe conducted 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews with healthcare providers and managers to explore barriers and enablers to implementation of repeat HIV testing guidelines for pregnant women. Participants were from the Nyanza region of Kenya and were purposively selected to provide variation in socio-demographics and job characteristics. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed in Dedoose software using a thematic analysis approach. Four themes were identified a priori using Ferlie and Shortell's Framework for Change and additional themes were allowed to emerge from the data.ResultsParticipants identified barriers and enablers at the client, provider, facility, and health system levels. Key barriers at the client level from the perspective of providers included late initial presentation to antenatal care and low proportions of women completing the recommended four antenatal visits. Barriers to offering repeat HIV testing for providers included heavy workloads, time limitations, and failing to remember to check for retest eligibility. At the facility level, inconsistent volume of clients and lack of space required for confidential HIV retesting were cited as barriers. Finally, at the health system level, there were challenges relating to the HIV test kit supply chain and the design of nationally standardized antenatal patient registers. Enablers to improving the implementation of repeat HIV testing included client dissemination of the benefits of antenatal care through word-of-mouth, provider cooperation and task shifting, and it was suggested that use of an electronic health record system could provide automatic reminders for retest eligibility.ConclusionsThis study highlights some important barriers to improving HIV retesting rates among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics in the Nyanza region of Kenya at the client, provider, facility, and health system levels. To successfully implement Kenya's national repeat HIV testing guidelines during pregnancy, it is essential that these barriers be addressed and enablers capitalized on through a multi-faceted intervention program

Globalisation, state strategies and the shipping labour market : the UK's response to declining seafaring skills

The acceleration of economic globalisation, over the past few decades, has put the role of the state, as an important actor in the management of the global economy, in the spotlight. The question that continues to dominate the globalisation debate is whether or not individual states, operating within a neoliberal paradigm, are in a position to effectively regulate the economic activities of powerful multinational capital, manage domestic economies and protect labour. The main aim of this thesis is to assess how effectively nation states can respond to globalisation and mitigate negative impacts such as the decline of domestic industries and local labour markets while maximising the benefits. Shipping is one of the most globalised industries and one where capital is highly mobile. The challenges facing nation states in their attempt to manage domestic economies and protect local industries are therefore well illustrated in the relationship between the state and multinational shipping capital. The UK, along with other Traditional Maritime Nations, has been dramatically affected by the globalisation of the industry. Following a huge decline in the UK's merchant shipping fleet, the UK government has attempted to respond, by way of a tonnage tax. This is primarily a tax incentive to encourage ship-owners to register and operate their ships in the UK. The tonnage tax regime contains within it a training commitment by which the ship-owners undertake to recruit and train UK cadets. An assessment of the performance of the strategy reveals that, whereas it has boosted significant growth in UK registered tonnage, it has achieved little success with regard to increasing the number of qualified junior officers. It is this paradox that comprises the focus of this study. Using interview data collected from key stakeholders in the UK shipping industry the thesis analyses the form and impact of the tonnage tax. The main conclusion is that, having initially committed to the advocacy of the neoliberal agenda and the concept of free capital markets, states are no longer capable of effectively responding to globalisation and the consequent negative impact on domestic economies. Because of the growing influence of corporate capital and the fear of capital flight, the limitations of state policies is especially evident in the British shipping industry in relation to the decline of local seafaring labour.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Biosorption of Selected Heavy Metals by Green Algae, Spirogyra Species and Its Potential as a Pollution Biomonitor

In this paper, adsorption features of freshwater green algae as a function of contact time, initial pH and initial metal ion concentrations were studied using model solutions of metal ions with subsequent determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Green algae samples were employed as bioindicators of selected heavy metals in environmental water samples with determination using FAAS and ICP-OES (inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry). The optimum pH for cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) biosorption were found to be 5.5, 5.8, 5.9 and 5.0, respectively. The biosorption process follows second order kinetics and is well described by the Langmuir isotherm model. Adsorption capacities were found to be 22.52, 38.19, 35.59 and 94.34 mg/g for Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb, respectively, at contact times of 15-50 minutes and initial metal ion concentrations of 500-700 mg/L. Biomonitoring studies revealed great potential for freshwater green algae as a bioindicator with mean concentration factors in the range of 367-7154 for the selected elements, the uptake being mainly via a metabolically mediated pathway. This work has demonstrated the potential of freshwater green algae as both a biosorbent and a bioindicator for heavy metal pollution in water systems. Keywords: Green algae, Biosorption, Biomonitoring, Toxic metals, FTIR, ICP-OES