Quaternary dating by electron spin resonance (esr) applied to human tooth enamel

This paper presents the results obtained from using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to analyse tooth enamel found at the Aguazuque archaeological site (Cundinamarca, Colombia), located on the savannah near Bogota at 40 37' North and 74°17' West. It was presumed that the tooth enamel came from a collective burial consisting of 23 people, involving men, women and children. The tooth enamel was irradiated with gamma ray sand the resulting free radicals were measured using an electron spin resonance (ESR) X-band spectrometer toobtain a signal intensity compared to absorbed doses curve. Fitting this curve allowed the mean archaeological dose accumulated in the enamel during the period that it was buried to be estimated, giving a 2.10 ± 0.14 Gy value. ROSY software was used for estimating age, giving a mean 3,256 ± 190y before present (BP) age. These results highlight EPR's potential when using the quaternary ancient ruins dating technique in Colombia and its use with other kinds of samples like stalagmites, calcite, mollusc shells and reefs

Sol-gel synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle at three different temperatures and its characterization via XRD, IR and EPR

In this work, nanoparticles of zinc oxide were synthesized; they were formed using the sol-gel method (citrate route) at calcination temperatures (Tc) of 500, 550 and 600 °C. For all samples studied, IR spectroscopy showed the presence of the bands associated with water molecules present in the zinc oxide and carbon dioxide adsorbed on its surface. The formation of zinc oxide phase was confirmed by XRD, which showed that from 500 ºC it had this type of Wurtzite structure. However, samples calcinated at 600 ºC have higher crystallinity. Crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrer equation. The Rietveld method was used to obtain lattice parameters a and c for Wurtzite cell types as well as cell volume and the ratio c/a of each sample. These parameters do not show significant changes when they are compared with values obtained from samples with different calcination temperatures. Electron paramagnetic resonance showed the presence of defects in the zinc oxide. Three signals with g values of 1.96, 2.00 and 2.04 were associated with oxygen and zinc vacancies. Defects in the structure disappear when the calcination temperature is increased. The sample that was highlighted with the highest concentration of vacancies has a mean crystallite size greater than 30 nm, and this may also be responsible for this feature

METODOLOGÍA DE REDUCCIÓN DE SOMBRA DE FALLA: APLICADA EN UNA ZONA DE LA CUENCA LLANOS – DEPARTAMENTO DE CASANARE, COLOMBIA

La sombra de falla distorsiona la imagen sísmica del bloque yacente de una falla normal o inversa, lo cual se debe a fuertes cambios de velocidad lateral que desvían la trayectoria de los rayos. En la Cuenca Llanos este efecto crea en las imágenes sísmicas falsas estructuras de anticlinales (“pull-up”) y sinclinales (“push down o sag”). En este artículo se estudian los factores que generan este efecto y su impacto en las imágenes sísmicas mediante el modelado numérico. Se define una metodología para identificar la sombra y los factores que la causan, y crear el modelo apropiado para la migración PSDM. La metodología se probó en sismogramas sintéticos y se aplicó a una línea sísmica de un sector del Departamento de Casanare-Colombia. Como resultado se obtuvo una imagen en profundidad confiable libre de sombra de falla. Aunque la metodología se usó en un sector con falla normal ésta es aplicable a zonas con fallas inversas.    The shadow fault distorts the image of the hanging block of normal and inverse faults, caused by strong lateral velocity changes that deviates the ray path of waves. In the Llanos basin, this effect creates in the seismic images false structures like anticlines (pull up) and synclines (push down or sag). In this paper, the factors that generate this effect and its impact on the seismic images are studied through numerical modeling. It is defined a methodology to identify the fault shadow and its causing factors, and to create the appropriate model for the pre stack depth migration – PSDM. The methodology was tested with synthetic seismograms and applied to a seismic line recorded in a sector of the Departamento de Casanare-Colombia. As a result, a reliable image in depth free of fault shadow was obtained. Even the methodology was used in a sector with normal fault it is applicable to zones with inverse faults. &nbsp

METODOLOGÍA DE REDUCCIÓN DE SOMBRA DE FALLA: APLICADA EN UNA ZONA DE LA CUENCA LLANOS – DEPARTAMENTO DE CASANARE, COLOMBIA

La sombra de falla distorsiona la imagen sísmica del bloque yacente de una falla normal o inversa, lo cual se debe a fuertes cambios de velocidad lateral que desvían la trayectoria de los rayos. En la Cuenca Llanos este efecto crea en las imágenes sísmicas falsas estructuras de anticlinales (“pull-up”) y sinclinales (“push down o sag”). En este artículo se estudian los factores que generan este efecto y su impacto en las imágenes sísmicas mediante el modelado numérico. Se define una metodología para identificar la sombra y los factores que la causan, y crear el modelo apropiado para la migración PSDM. La metodología se probó en sismogramas sintéticos y se aplicó a una línea sísmica de un sector del Departamento de Casanare-Colombia. Como resultado se obtuvo una imagen en profundidad confiable libre de sombra de falla. Aunque la metodología se usó en un sector con falla normal ésta es aplicable a zonas con fallas inversas.    The shadow fault distorts the image of the hanging block of normal and inverse faults, caused by strong lateral velocity changes that deviates the ray path of waves. In the Llanos basin, this effect creates in the seismic images false structures like anticlines (pull up) and synclines (push down or sag). In this paper, the factors that generate this effect and its impact on the seismic images are studied through numerical modeling. It is defined a methodology to identify the fault shadow and its causing factors, and to create the appropriate model for the pre stack depth migration – PSDM. The methodology was tested with synthetic seismograms and applied to a seismic line recorded in a sector of the Departamento de Casanare-Colombia. As a result, a reliable image in depth free of fault shadow was obtained. Even the methodology was used in a sector with normal fault it is applicable to zones with inverse faults. &nbsp

Quaternary dating by electron spin resonance (esr) applied to human tooth enamel

This paper presents the results obtained from using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to analyse tooth enamel found at the Aguazuque archaeological site (Cundinamarca, Colombia), located on the savannah near Bogota at 4° 37' North and 74°17' West. It was presumed that the tooth enamel came from a collective burial consisting of 23 people, involving men, women and children. The tooth enamel was irradiated with gamma rays and the resulting free radicals were measured using an electron spin resonance (ESR) X-band spectrometer to obtain a signal intensity compared to absorbed doses curve. Fitting this curve allowed the mean archaeological dose accumulated in the enamel during the period that it was buried to be estimated, giving a 2.10 ± 0.14 Gyvalue. ROSY software was used for estimating age, giving a mean 3,256 ± 190y before present (BP) age. These results highlight EPR's potential when using the quaternary ancient ruins dating technique in Colombia and its use with other kinds of samples like stalagmites, calcite, mollusc shells and reefs

Evaluación del efecto de la impregnación de platino sobre las características superficiales y estructurales de una zeolita y

El presente artículo muestra la evaluación de los cambios texturales, superficiales y estructurales en una zeolita Y empleada en la síntesis de sólidos a base de platino soportado. Las características estructurales se analizaron mediante difracción de rayos X (DRX) y las propiedades texturales y morfológicas mediante fisiadsorción de nitrógeno a 77K y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Adicionalmente se determinó la dimensión fractal y la distribución de potenciales de adsorción para todos los sólidos.   Los resultados muestran  que el proceso de síntesis induce la formación de microporosidad en los sólidos, conservando la estructura de la zeolita y sin ocasionar alteraciones topográficas o energéticas importantes sobre la superficie del soporte

Difusividad térmica de mezclas de ldpe y pp en estado fundido

Se reportan los resultados experimentales de la medición de la difusividad térmica de dos especies poliméricas: polietileno de baja densidad (LDPE) y polipropileno (PP). Las medidas fueron realizadas en condiciones de flujo de calor no estacionario, usando un dispositivo especialmente construido para ello y a temperatura alrededor de la de fusión de los materiales. Los resultados experi-mentales del perfil de temperatura a través de las muestras, producto de la existencia de un gradiente de temperatura en ellas, fueron ajustados con los resultados teóricos obtenidos de la solución de la ecuación de conducción del calor. Los valores de difusi-vidad hallados fueron α=6.92×(10)^(-7) m^2⁄s para LDPE y α=5.53×(10)^(-7) m^2⁄ PP respectivamente. Este es un trabajo pionero en la medición de esta propiedad a temperaturas elevadas, en condiciones de flujo de calor no estacionario, y ello es útil en la búsque-da de mejoras de las condiciones de procesado en estos materiales.Experimental results are reported for measuring the thermal diffusivity of two polymer species: low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP). Measurements were taken in unsteady state heat flow conditions around the materials' melting temperature, using a device specially constructed for this purpose. The experimental results for the sample's temperature profile (temperature gradient product) were adjusted with the theoretical results obtained by solving the heat conduction equation. Diffusivity values were α=6.92×(10)^(-7) m^2⁄s for LDPE and α=5.53×(10)^(-7) m^2⁄s for PP. This was pioneering work in measuring this property at high temperatures in non-stationary state heat flow conditions and should be useful in the search for improving the conditions for processing these materials

Assessment 100% Supported by ICT: Possibilities Offered and Risks

After the launching of a Fundamentals of Physics course offered for different campuses of the National University of Colombia in blended learning mode, various experiences were collected in a virtual assessment that were supported 100% by ICT. We implemented an evaluation system that consists of different categories ranging from traditional examinations, partial examinations, final examinations, workshops, quizzes, attendance, and duties and forums, all evaluated online. In particular, random blocks of questions were used for examinations taken from large databases, built especially for this purpose, on the order of 100 per chapter. We comment on the results achieved with the implementation of the evaluation system proposed, in addition to the possibilities offered and the risks they present

Assessment 100% Supported by ICT: Possibilities Offered and Risks

After the launching of a Fundamentals of Physics course offered for different campuses of the National University of Colombia in blended learning mode, various experiences were collected in a virtual assessment that were supported 100% by ICT. We implemented an evaluation system that consists of different categories ranging from traditional examinations, partial examinations, final examinations, workshops, quizzes, attendance, and duties and forums, all evaluated online. In particular, random blocks of questions were used for examinations taken from large databases, built especially for this purpose, on the order of 100 per chapter. We comment on the results achieved with the implementation of the evaluation system proposed, in addition to the possibilities offered and the risks they present

Assessment 100% Supported by ICT: Possibilities Offered and Risks

After the launching of a Fundamentals of Physics course offered for different campuses of the National University of Colombia in blended learning mode, various experiences were collected in a virtual assessment that were supported 100% by ICT. We implemented an evaluation system that consists of different categories ranging from traditional examinations, partial examinations, final examinations, workshops, quizzes, attendance, and duties and forums, all evaluated online. In particular, random blocks of questions were used for examinations taken from large databases, built especially for this purpose, on the order of 100 per chapter. We comment on the results achieved with the implementation of the evaluation system proposed, in addition to the possibilities offered and the risks they present