An empirical examination of the Canadian air passenger market : distinguishing the impact of LCC and ULCC market entry

The emergence of low-cost carriers (LCCs) after U.S. deregulation in 1978 and the more recent developments of ultra-low-cost carriers (ULCCs) has transformed the aviation industry in the United States and Europe. There are numerous studies that examine the impact of LCCs, and subsequently, ULCCs on airfares and air travel demand in both the U.S. and Europe. Recently, researchers have become interested to look into the aviation markets in South East Asia, such as China and Singapore. One reason for this focus in the research could be the availability and transparency of data in these regions. However, for the first time, we now have access to rich and detailed data for the Canadian aviation market spanning from 2014-2019. In this research, we focused on domestic travel within Canada and identify the factors that impact airfares and air travel demand within the country. Additionally, we employ econometric tools to determine the effects of the introduction of Flair an ULCC, as well as Swoop an LCC, into the Canadian aviation market. Furthermore, we have conducted a thorough analysis of the market's price elasticity of demand and have provided reasoning for its lower value compared to the literature's findings in other countries.Business, Sauder School ofOperations and Logistics (OPLOG), Division ofGraduat

Characterization of hBN and Graphene Heterostructures

The molecular dynamics(MD) simulation is performed to characterize the mechanical properties of van der Waals heterostructures composed of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride(hBN) single layer sheets. The graphene-hBN and hBN-graphene-hBN heterostructures simulations are carried out under tensile and shear deformation. Accordingly, stress versus strain curves of each system are plotted and various properties of heterostructures, namely elastic modulus and shear modulus as well as failure stress and failure strain, are evaluated and compared

An explicit micro‐FE approach to investigate the post‐yield behaviour of trabecular bone under large deformations

Homogenised finite element (FE) analyses are able to predict osteoporosis-related bone fractures and become useful for clinical applications. The predictions of FE analyses depend on the apparent, heterogeneous, anisotropic, elastic, and yield material properties, which are typically determined by implicit micro-FE (μFE) analyses of trabecular bone. The objective of this study is to explore an explicit μFE approach to determine the apparent post-yield behaviour of trabecular bone, beyond the elastic and yield properties. The material behaviour of bone tissue was described by elasto-plasticity with a von Mises yield criterion closed by a planar cap for positive hydrostatic stresses to distinguish the post-yield behaviour in tension and compression. Two ultimate strains for tension and compression were calibrated to trigger element deletion and reproduce damage of trabecular bone. A convergence analysis was undertaken to assess the role of the mesh. Thirteen load cases using periodicity-compatible mixed uniform boundary conditions were applied to three human trabecular bone samples of increasing volume fractions. The effect of densification in large strains was explored. The convergence study revealed a strong dependence of the apparent ultimate stresses and strains on element size. An apparent quadric strength surface for trabecular bone was successfully fitted in a normalised stress space. The effect of densification was reproduced and correlated well with former experimental results. This study demonstrates the potential of the explicit FE formulation and the element deletion technique to reproduce damage in trabecular bone using μFE analyses. The proper account of the mesh sensitivity remains challenging for practical computing times