A cytogenetic investigation of selected children with birth defects

Cytogenetic investigation of 46 selected children with birth defects was carried out by culture of peripheral leukocytes to determine (1) whether a chromosomal anomaly could be demonstrated, (2) the correlation between karyotype and phenotype, and (3) dosage effect in cases of aneuploidy by electrophoresis of serum proteins. This study revealed 20 abnormal chromosome complements and one XY sex chromosome complement in a phenotypic female. There was some individual variation in phenotype among those affected by a given chromosomal anomaly, probably due to differences in genetic background and in maternal host environment. Abnormalities in development common to two or more different chromosomal anomalies were also noted, mental deficiency being common to all. However, there was a relatively consistent and distinct overall pattern of development (phenotype) with each chromosomal abnormality, which should allow a specific clinical diagnosis

Soil microbial community resilience with tree thinning in a 40-year-old experimental ponderosa pine forest

Establishment of native grasses is a primary objective of restoration in Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum (P. & C. Lawson) forests in the southwestern United States. Interactions among native grasses and soil microorganisms generate feedbacks that influence the achievement of this objective. We examined soil chemical properties and communities of plants and soil microorganisms in clear-cuts and P. ponderosa stands thinned and maintained at low and medium tree densities for over 40 years along with high density (unthinned) stands. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in soils were analyzed to examine arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and microbial communities in the three thinning treatments and the unthinned stands with and without a recent broadcast burn. Additionally, two native bunchgrasses, Festuca arizonica and Muhlenbergia wrightii were grown in containers filled with intact soil cores collected from each field plot to more thoroughly compare the abundance of AM fungi and microbial communities across different stand densities and burn treatments. Tree thinning decreased litter cover and increased the abundance and diversity and altered community composition of both herbaceous vegetation and AM fungi. In the mineral soil layer, the pH, total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and PLFA profiles did not differ significantly among the four stand density or burn treatments. Mycorrhizal colonization of the container grown grasses did not significantly differ with tree density or burn treatments; however, F. arizonica roots had a strong trend for decreased colonization when grown in soil from high density (unthinned) tree cover. Soil from the containers with F. arizonica had a greater abundance of AM fungal spores. Furthermore, bacterial community composition varied with grass species. Concentration of biomarkers for bacteria were higher in soil that supported F. arizonica compared to soil in which M. wrightii was grown. Our results indicate that the creation of clear-cut openings in forests may increase the abundance and richness of AM fungal propagules and soil bacterial communities were surprisingly resilient to tree thinning and low-intensity fire treatments. These results suggest managing forests to create clear-cut openings generate conditions that favor understory native grasses and AM fungi that are linked to soil bacterial communities

The Mediterranean way of eating at three USDA cost levels: A culinary medicine workshop for Family Medicine residents and culinary arts students - Facilitator Guide

Barriers to implementation of culinary medicine in resident training include lack of facilities, administrative support, and community engagement. This guide describes how ECU Family Medicine met those challenges to present a half-day workshop focused on the Mediterranean Style of Eating at USDA’s low, moderate, and liberal cost food budgets. This activity was designed to also meet ACGME expectations that residents receive training in cultural humility and cultural competence. Family Medicine residents teamed with high school culinary arts students. Sufficient details are provided so other programs could implement or adapt this workshop to their setting. Pre- and post-assessment tools, recipes, equipment and supply lists, pre-workshop readings and more are included. Faculty physicians and Registered Dietitian Nutritionists, Family Medicine Residents, and others were involved in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the workshop. The workshop received positive response from all attendees.\n\nThis submission includes a 73-page Facilitator Guide, which provides the learning objectives, details for obtaining facilities, funding, pre- and post-workshop assessment tools, preliminary work required for Family Medicine Residents and high school culinary students, educational handouts, recipes with nutrient analysis and costs, review of literature on culinary medicine curricula and references

Relação entre o consumo de açúcares de adição e a adequação da dieta de adolescentes residentes no município de São Paulo Relationship between the intake of added sugars and dietary adequacy in adolescents from the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre o consumo de açúcares de adição e a adequação do consumo de nutrientes e grupos alimentares em adolescentes residentes no município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 793 adolescentes, provenientes de um estudo de base populacional, realizado em 2003. O consumo alimentar foi medido pelo recordatório de 24 horas, tendo sido aplicado método de ajuste por meio de subamostra de 195 indivíduos. O consumo de açúcares foi categorizado em adequado ou inadequado, quando &#8804;10% ou >10% do valor energético total da dieta, respectivamente. A adequação de ingestão de macronutrientes considerou intervalos de distribuição aceitável, e a prevalência de inadequação dos micronutrientes foi calculada pelo método Estimated Average Requirement como ponto de corte. O consumo mediano dos alimentos foi estimado além dos percentis 25 e 75. Foram utilizados testes de Qui-quadrado, Wald e mediana, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se maior proporção de adolescentes com consumo adequado de carboidratos entre aqueles com maior ingestão de açúcares de adição. Todos os adolescentes apresentaram ingestão proteica dentro dos valores preconizados e verificou-se associação significativa entre a adequação de lipídeos e o consumo de açúcares de adição somente entre os adolescentes do sexo masculino. Maior porção mediana de leite, carnes, frutas, suco industrializado, refrigerante e achocolatado em pó foi identificada entre os adolescentes com consumo excessivo de açúcares de adição. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo excessivo de açúcares de adição se mostrou relacionado à menor adequação do consumo de nutrientes e à menor ingestão de alimentos de alta densidade nutritiva.<br>OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the relationship between intake of added sugars and intake adequacy of nutrients and food groups in adolescents from São Paulo. METHODS: The study sample comprised 793 adolescents selected from a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in 2003. Food intake was assessed by 24-hour food recalls and an adjustment approach was subsequently administered using a subsample of 195 subjects. Sugar intake was considered appropriate or inappropriate when it represented &#8804;10% or >10% of total energy intake, respectively. Acceptable distribution ranges were used to assess macronutrient intake adequacy. The prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy was estimated using the Estimated Average Requirements as cutoffs. Median food intake and the 25th and 75th percentiles were estimated. The chi-square, Wald and median tests were used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: A larger proportion of adolescents with adequate carbohydrate intake were seen among those with higher added sugar intake. Protein intake by all adolescents was within the recommended ranges. A statistically significant association was found between adequacy of fat intake and added sugar intake among male adolescents. A higher median percent intake of milk, meat, fruit, processed juice, soft drink and chocolate milk was seen among adolescents with excess sugar intake. CONCLUSION: Excessive consumption of added sugars was associated with lower adequacy of nutrient intake and lower intake of nutrient-dense foods