42 research outputs found
Gendered Experiences of Appearance-related Perks and Penalties in Finnish Labor Markets
Physical appearance is generally associated with considerable labor-market sanctions, and appearances are thought to be of particular importance in the feminine service sector. However, little is known about workersâ experiences of appearance-based perks and penalties in Nordic labor markets. Drawing on literature on aesthetic capital and labor, this study aims to fill this research gap. The study uses a nationally representative survey (N = 1600) fielded in Finland and multinomial regression to determine whether subjective experiences of appearance-related perks and penalties are gendered, dependent on the field of work or daily work on appearances. Our main finding is that while both men and women experience looks-based perks and penalties, men are more likely to have experienced appearance having a say in salary negotiations. Our results shed light on the gendered logics of aesthetic capital and labor, and question economic understandings of beauty work as a pathway to labor market success for wome
ViideltÀ saunaan ja kuudelta kuorintaan? : miesten ulkonÀöstÀ huolehtiminen ja ulkonÀköön kuluttaminen 2000-luvun Suomessa
Siirretty Doriast
Suomi 2014 â kulutus ja elĂ€mĂ€ntapa: Tutkimusseloste ja aineistojen 1999â2014 vertailua
Julkaisussa tarkastellaan syksyllĂ€ 2014 kerĂ€ttyĂ€ Suomi 2014 â kulutus ja elĂ€mĂ€ntapa -postikyselyaineistoa. Kyselylomake lĂ€hetettiin kaikkiaan 3000 suomenkieliselle 18â74-vuotiaalle Suomessa asuvalle. OtantamenetelmĂ€nĂ€ kĂ€ytettiin yksinkertaista satun-naisotantaa. Aineistossa olevien tapausten lukumÀÀrĂ€ on 1 354 ja aineiston lopullinen vastausprosentti 46. Aineiston keruusta ja tallennuksesta vastasi Turun yliopiston taloussosiologian oppiaine. Aineiston keruun kustannuksiin osallistuivat lisĂ€ksi Turun yliopiston ja JyvĂ€skylĂ€n yliopiston sosiologian oppiaineet. Julkaisussa esitellÀÀn aluksi aineiston kerÀÀmisprosessi sekĂ€ arvioidaan aineiston katoa ja sen vaikutusta aineiston edustavuuteen. Sen jĂ€lkeen esitellÀÀn Suomi 2014 -kyselyssĂ€ kĂ€ytettyjĂ€ uusia kysymystyyppejĂ€. Julkaisun lopussa tarkastellaan sitĂ€, miten suomalaisten kulutukseen ja elĂ€mĂ€ntapaan viittaavat asenteet, arvomaailma ja poliittinen suuntautuminen ovat muuttuneet vuosina 1999â2014.This publication describes the data from Finland 2014 â consumption and lifestyle postal survey. Questionnaires were sent to a total of 3,000 18-74-year-old Finnish-speakers during autumn 2014. The final sample was 1,354 (with a minimum response rate of 46%). The participants were selected using simple random sampling from the Finnish Population Register Database. The first section of this research report describes the data collection procedures, followed by an analysis on non-response, and non-respondents impact on the data representativeness. The second part of the report focuses on the new modules introduced in this latest wave of the survey. The final section of the report examines how attitudes addressing consumption and the way of life, general values, and political orientation have changed in Finland between 1999 and 2014.Siirretty Doriast
Occupation-congruent appearance: a measuremental approach
In this article we introduce a novel measure, which we call âoccupation-congruent appearanceâ (OCA). We argue that the measure captures the appearance norms of looking ârightâ for a particular occupation. Using a combination of large-scale photograph data (N=1,411) and rating data (N=7,920) from Finland, including 387,542 individual ratings, we show that shared cultural standards for OCA exist, and rate of agreement compares with agreement on beauty standards. We systematically compare the relationship between OCA, attractiveness, and masculinity/femininity in male-dominated, gender-balanced, and female-dominated occupational fields for men and for women. We conclude that occupation-congruent appearance is independent from other typically used measures in studies on appearance and social inequalities. Thus, it seems that OCA can capture the kind of elements of appearance that are not reducible to attractiveness, femininity, and masculinity. We discuss the possibilities for using OCA as a complementary measure for researchers interested in appearance and social inequalities.</p
From double to triple standards of ageing. Perceptions of physical appearance at the intersections of age, gender and class.
Since the 1970s, when Susan Sontag
coined the term, discussions on the double standard of ageing has
continued to evolve. Recently, scholars of feminist gerontology have
called for an intersectional approach to address cultural norms of
physical appearance and ageing. In this paper, we aim to investigate
whether men and women internalise ageist norms differently; that is,
double standards of ageing exist. Second, we explore whether
self-identified social class affects the internalisation of these norms.
To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to examine
the double and triple standards of ageing with nationally
representative data (NÂ =Â 1600).Drawing from
Bourdieusian capital theory, sociology of the body, consumer culture,
and feminist gerontology, we suggest that the double standard of ageing
exists for women who feel that ageing erodes their appearance, give more
importance to their appearance than men, and fear looking old from an
early age. Further, a âtriple standardâ is also traced. Our results
indicate that ageing working-class women are less confident about their
appearances than upper-class women. Thus, upper-middle-class women seem
less vulnerable to the negative aspects of ageing than women who have
less social, cultural, and economic capital to enhance their ageing
appearance. The triple standard extends to men as well: appearance is
evaluated as equally important by upper-middle-class middle-aged men as
by women of similar age and social background. Alternatively, our
results could be interpreted as upper-middle-class people experiencing
more restrictive norms regarding ageing; that is, such people are
compelled to seek anti-ageing solutions and are not allowed to surrender
to the natural ageing process.</div
Social Computing and Social Media. Participation, User Experience, Consumer Experience, and Applications of Social Computing
This study examines norms concerning appearance-related commenting on social media. More specifically, the focus of this study is on the approvability of positively commenting on other peopleâs physical appearance, commenting on other peopleâs dressing style and commenting on the appearance of public figures. We examined how these norms are predicted by gender and social media usage patterns, while considering also a set of control variables, including age. We approach these questions with unique data, which is nationally representative of the Finnish population aged 18â74 (NÂ =Â 3,724). Our study offers insights into the discussion on the relationship between social media and appearance-related norms. Our findings suggest a generally positive attitude towards commenting on other peopleâs appearance if the comment is positive, with almost half of the respondents approving such commenting. By contrast, commenting on someoneâs clothing or commenting on the appearance of public figures is considerably less acceptable, with only 20% approving. Our findings reveal that gender, preferred social networking site and age are associated with appearance commenting norms. Women are more likely to approve of positive appearance commentary on social media. However, the propensity to agree on the approvability of appearance commentary is higher for men when it comes to commenting on other peopleâs dressing or public figuresâ appearances. Overall, the users of Instagram and Facebook seem more liberal towards appearance-related comments as compared to those who do not use social media or use other platforms. Additionally, young people were more positive about appearance commenting in all of these aspects.</p