The syntax of head movement: a study of Berber

The thesis investigates the syntactic properties of head-movement processes as well as the structures of phrasal categories. The discussions are based mainly, though not exclusively, on data from Berber, in particular the Tarifit dialect spoken in the northern part of Morocco. The theoretical framework adopted is that of Government Binding (GB) as outlined by Chomsky (1981), (1982), (1986a), (1986b) and others. The first chapter introduces the GB theory and its modules. The second chapter discusses sentential structure and the properties of head-movement processes involved in the derivation of the surface forms of sentences. The basic properties of the sentential clause in Berber are investigated in detail on the basis of the distribution of clitics and the order of the verbal affixes with respect to the verb the conclusion is reached that the Infl(ection) node needs to be fleshed out in such a way that each of the elements occupying it (AGR(eement), TENSE(TNS) and NEG(ation)) is attributed a full categorial status in the sense of X-bar theory. It is demonstrated that the clausal structure that results from this revision differs with respect to the order of AGE and TNS according to whether the language In question is SVO or VSO. The structures of infinitival clauses, both inflected and unfinflected, as well as small clauses are also investigated in the light of the conclusion mentioned above. Finally, the structural properties of nominal and copular sentences in Berber and other languages are also subjected to an analysis in terms of the same conclusion. The third chapter investigates the structures of nominal and prepositional phrases, and the head-movement processes involved in their derivation in Berber and other languages. The structure of nominal phrases turns out to be strikingly similar to that of sentential clauses with the slight but significant difference that instead of TNS nominal phrases contain a NOM(inalisation) category. Surface word order variations among languages are discussed In the light of this conclusion. The structure of pre/postpositional phrases is found in some languages to contain an AGR element. The chapter also incorporates an attempt to reclassify the existing categories In terms of a binary division which recognises only two categorial classes, verbal and nominal. The fourth chapter investigates the processes of clitic-movement in Berber and Romance languages, and of preposition-movement in Berber. On the basis of the properties of these movement processes and the conclusion reached in the second chapter with respect to the Infl node a unified analysis of morphological and non-morphological causatives Is suggested. An analsyis of the so-called Restructuring constructions in Italian is also suggested where the process of restructuring is argued to be a movement process of the embedded verbal complex to C. With respect to clitics they are argued to be head categories with an affixal nature, and their movement is argued to be governed by the ECP. The process of preposition movement in Berber, on the other hand, is shown to share significant properties with the process of clitic-movement, a fact that is shown to provide significant support for the treatment of clitics as head categories

A cross dialectal view of the Arabic dative alternation

This paper is concerned with the syntax of ditransitive verbs in Arabic.We concentrate on the vernaculars, focussing in particular on three geographically spread dialects: Egyptian Cairene Arabic, the dominant vernacular in Egypt, Hijazi Arabic, spoken in Western Saudi Arabia and Maltese, a mixed language with a Magrebi/Siculo-Arabic stratum. We show that all three exhibit an alternation (the dative alternation) between a ditransitive ('double object') construction and a corresponding prepositional dative construction, and outline a number of differences between these constructions in the different varieties of Arabic. We consider the distribution of verbs exhibiting the dative alternation in the light of Ryding's (2011) observations concerning Modern Standard Arabic

Relative clauses and genitive constructions in Semitic

This volume is the outcome of two workshops held at the University of Salford, April 18th 2007 and April 7th and 8th 2008. The first of these, Relative clauses and attribution in Semitic, coincided with Jan Retsö’s tenure as University Campus Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Salford February–April 2007. During this period, Jan pursued research on typological and diachronic aspects of relative clause marking in the Semitic languages. From discussions held at this time, it became increasingly clear that it would be fruitful to compare relative clause marking with two other noun phrase syntagms – genitive construction and adjectival attribution. Within the Semitic domain, these three syntagms exhibit both common and divergent syntactic, morphological and semantic properties. This raises interesting questions about typology and diachrony, on the one hand, and how to account for these syntagms within various linguistic models, on the other. In order to stimulate new thinking on these research questions, we decided to invite several internationally renowned scholars on extant and extinct Semitic languages to a one-day workshop at the University of Salford. At this first workshop, eight speakers addressed issues relating to relative clauses and adjectival attribution in eight languages and dialect groups, viz. Neo-Aramaic, Standard Arabic, the modern Arabic dialects of Sudan and south-western Saudi Arabia, Akkadian, Geez, Biblical Hebrew, Sabaean and Syriac. In discussions following this workshop, it was agreed that a second workshop be held on comparative and diachronic aspects of genitive constructions in Semitic; it was proposed that this workshop, entitled Genitive constructions in Semitic: Comparative and diachronic perspectives, be held over two days and be extended to include twelve speakers in order to cover a greater range of the modern Semitic languages, particularly Ethio-Semitic, Modern Hebrew and Modern South Arabian. The papers in this volume represent different descriptive and theoretical ways of linguistic thinking – generativist (Fassi-Fehri, Glinert, Yri), typology and diachrony (Eksell, Ouhalla, Retsö), and data-oriented descriptive analyses with different theoretical presuppositions (Arnold, Dickins, Edzard, Khan, Kuty, Naïm, Watson). The relative dominance of the descriptivist approach reflects both a solid tradition in Semitic studies, which has been strongly data-oriented, and the necessity of pres-enting a rich store of data in order to prepare the ground for sound linguistic analysis. The papers have been arranged according to the geographical distribution of the Semitic languages examined. The volume begins with three papers having a general and comparative Semitic perspective; these are followed by papers dealing with North Semitic (Western and Eastern Neo-Aramaic, Classical Aramaic and Modern Hebrew), then Arabic (Standard Arabic, various extant and extinct Arabic dialects), and finally South Semitic (Amharic and Mehri).This is not the end of the story. In discussions during the workshops which gave rise to these papers, it became clear that there is a need to further investigate the third noun phrase category, adjectival attribution, and in the case of all three noun phrase categories to examine the role of definiteness and the animacy hierarchy, notions raised in some of the papers in this volume. Further research will examine the various ways in which these noun phrase categories interact with one another.Jan RetsöJanet C.E. Watso