Electrical phase change of CVD-grown Ge-Sb-Te thin film device

A prototype Ge-Sb-Te thin film phase-change memory device has been fabricated and reversible threshold and phase change switching demonstrated electrically, with a threshold voltage of 1.5 – 1.7 V. The Ge-Sb-Te thin film was fabricated by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) at atmospheric pressure using GeCl4, SbCl5, and Te precursors with reactive gas H2 at reaction temperature 780 °C and substrate temperature 250 °C. The surface morphology and composition of the CVD-grown Ge-Sb-Te thin film has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The CVD-grown Ge-Sb-Te thin film shows promise for the phase change memory applications

Multiorder coherent Raman scattering of a quantum probe field

We study the multiorder coherent Raman scattering of a quantum probe field in a far-off-resonance medium with a prepared coherence. Under the conditions of negligible dispersion and limited bandwidth, we derive a Bessel-function solution for the sideband field operators. We analytically and numerically calculate various quantum statistical characteristics of the sideband fields. We show that the multiorder coherent Raman process can replicate the statistical properties of a single-mode quantum probe field into a broad comb of generated Raman sidebands. We also study the mixing and modulation of photon statistical properties in the case of two-mode input. We show that the prepared Raman coherence and the medium length can be used as control parameters to switch a sideband field from one type of photon statistics to another type, or from a non-squeezed state to a squeezed state and vice versa.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Bell-inequality violation with "thermal" radiation

The model of a quantum-optical device for a conditional preparation of entangled states from input mixed states is presented. It is demonstrated that even thermal or pseudo-thermal radiation can be entangled in such a way, that Bell-inequalities are violated

Correlation dynamics of three spin under a classical dephasing environment

By starting from the stochastic Hamiltonian of the three correlated spins and modeling their frequency fluctuations as caused by dephasing noisy environments described by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, we study the dynamics of quantum correlations, including entanglement and quantum discord. We prepared initially our open system with Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger or W state and present the exact solutions for evolution dynamics of entanglement and quantum discord between three spins under both Markovian and non-Markovian regime of this classical noise. By comparison the dynamics of entanglement with that of quantum discord we find that entanglement can be more robust than quantum discord against this noise. It is shown that by considering non-Markovian extensions the survival time of correlations prolong.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Female chromosome X mosaicism is age-related and preferentially affects the inactivated X chromosome

To investigate large structural clonal mosaicism of chromosome X, we analysed the SNP microarray intensity data of 38,303 women from cancer genome-wide association studies (20,878 cases and 17,425 controls) and detected 124 mosaic X events42Mb in 97 (0.25%) women. Here we show rates for X-chromosome mosaicism are four times higher than mean autosomal rates; X mosaic events more often include the entire chromosome and participants with X events more likely harbour autosomal mosaic events. X mosaicism frequency increases with age (0.11% in 50-year olds; 0.45% in 75-year olds), as reported for Y and autosomes. Methylation array analyses of 33 women with X mosaicism indicate events preferentially involve the inactive X chromosome. Our results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently than autosomes, which could have implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of mosaic events and their possible contribution to risk for chronic diseases

Detectable clonal mosaicism and its relationship to aging and cancer

In an analysis of 31,717 cancer cases and 26,136 cancer-free controls from 13 genome-wide association studies, we observed large chromosomal abnormalities in a subset of clones in DNA obtained from blood or buccal samples. We observed mosaic abnormalities, either aneuploidy or copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity, of >2 Mb in size in autosomes of 517 individuals (0.89%), with abnormal cell proportions of between 7% and 95%. In cancer-free individuals, frequency increased with age, from 0.23% under 50 years to 1.91% between 75 and 79 years (P = 4.8 × 10(-8)). Mosaic abnormalities were more frequent in individuals with solid tumors (0.97% versus 0.74% in cancer-free individuals; odds ratio (OR) = 1.25; P = 0.016), with stronger association with cases who had DNA collected before diagnosis or treatment (OR = 1.45; P = 0.0005). Detectable mosaicism was also more common in individuals for whom DNA was collected at least 1 year before diagnosis with leukemia compared to cancer-free individuals (OR = 35.4; P = 3.8 × 10(-11)). These findings underscore the time-dependent nature of somatic events in the etiology of cancer and potentially other late-onset diseases

The Immune Landscape of Cancer

We performed an extensive immunogenomic anal-ysis of more than 10,000 tumors comprising 33diverse cancer types by utilizing data compiled byTCGA. Across cancer types, we identified six im-mune subtypes\u2014wound healing, IFN-gdominant,inflammatory, lymphocyte depleted, immunologi-cally quiet, and TGF-bdominant\u2014characterized bydifferences in macrophage or lymphocyte signa-tures, Th1:Th2 cell ratio, extent of intratumoral het-erogeneity, aneuploidy, extent of neoantigen load,overall cell proliferation, expression of immunomod-ulatory genes, and prognosis. Specific drivermutations correlated with lower (CTNNB1,NRAS,orIDH1) or higher (BRAF,TP53,orCASP8) leukocytelevels across all cancers. Multiple control modalitiesof the intracellular and extracellular networks (tran-scription, microRNAs, copy number, and epigeneticprocesses) were involved in tumor-immune cell inter-actions, both across and within immune subtypes.Our immunogenomics pipeline to characterize theseheterogeneous tumors and the resulting data areintended to serve as a resource for future targetedstudies to further advance the field

Deposition and characterization of CVD-grown Ge-Sb thin film device for phase-change memory application

Germanium antimony (Ge-Sb) thin films with tuneable compositions have been fabricated on SiO2/Si, borosilicate glass, and quartz glass substrates by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Deposition takes place at atmospheric pressure using metal chloride precursors at reaction temperatures between 750 and 875 °C. The compositions and structures of these thin films have been characterized by micro-Raman, scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. A prototype Ge-Sb thin film phase-change memory device has been fabricated and reversible threshold and phase change switching demonstrated electrically, with a threshold voltage of 2.2 - 2.5 V. These CVD-grown Ge-Sb films show promise for applications such as phase change memory and optical, electronic and plasmonic switching

Characterization of the physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of Taiwanese kiwifruit (Actinidia setosa)

In Taiwan the kiwifruit Actinidia setosa grows higher than 1,500 in above sea level. The National Chung Hsing University of Taiwan maintains a collection of experimental vines grown from cuttings of the native A. setosa collection. Actinidia setosa 'No.9', which produced the largest fruit, was selected for a study of its physicochemical and antioxidant characteristics, which were compared with those of A. deliciosa 'Chung Hsing No.3' and 'Chung Hsing No.4'. Kiwifruit fresh weight, soluble solids content, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, quinic, malic, ascorbic and citric acid contents, chlorophyll content, total phenol compound content, peroxidase activity, polyphenolic oxidase activity, free radical scavenging (DPPH) effect, and chelating effect were measured. Anthesis of A. selosa and A. deliciosa occurs in late April and late May, and fruit maturity Occurs in late September and late October, respectively. The strong insect and diseaseresistant characteristics of A. selosa 'No.9' can be attributed to the long down on the branches, leaves, and fruit. ACIinidia setosa 'No.9' has a yellow rust leaf infection rate of 14 +/- 3% while that of 'Chung Hsing NoY and 'Chung Hsing No.4' leaves was 77 +/- 5% and 92 +/- 7%, respectively. The A. setosa 'No.9' fruit has a flat, long shape with a down length of 33 +/- 4 mu m, and the down length on 'Chung Hsing No.3' and 'Chung Hsing No.4' fruit was 18.2 +/- 0.7 and 17 +/- 4 mu m, respectively. Under organic cultivation, A. selosa 'No. 9' had a mature fruit fresh weight of 66 +/- 10 g, Soluble solids content of 6.2 +/- 0.1 'Brix, and titratable acidity of 2.2 +/- 0.0%. In A. setosa 'No.9' the ascorbic acid concentration was 83 +/- 6 mg/100 g, inalic acid was 565 9 mg/100 g, and the total phenol Compound content was 0.4 +/- 0.1 rng/g of fresh weight, all significantly higher than those of 'Chung Hsing No.4'. The peroxidase and polyphenolic oxidase activities of A. selosa 'No.9' were 0.02 +/- 0.0 Delta A(470)/min/g.fw and 0.01 +/- 0.0 Delta A(420)/min/g.fw at 150 days after anthesis (DAA), respectively. The DPPH ability of A. setosa 'No.9', 'Chung Hsing No.3' and 'Chung Hsing No.4' was 96.1 +/- 0.2%, 93 +/- 1% and 95 +/- 1%, respectively. The experimental results indicate that A. setosa 'No.9' has great potential for commercial production and breeding