Deletion in Clausal Ellipsis: Remnants in the Middle Field

We compare two views of ellipsis and its place in grammar. One view holds that ellipsis is a form of prosodic reduction (optional omission of deaccented material). An alternative and currently dominant view holds that ellipsis is more syntactic than this, requiring remnants of deletion to undergo extraction to a clause-peripheral position in narrow syntax. We discuss some general problems of this approach and go on to provide a novel set of data involving modal particles in German, which we show to be incompatible with its fundamental assumptions. Our conclusion is that the move-and-delete theory of ellipsis should be abandoned, and deletion properly confined to the phonological component

Energieeffizienznetzwerke - beschleunigte Emissionsminderungen in der mittelständischen Wirtschaft

Zusammenfassung: Die Verminderung der energiebedingten CO2-Emissionen in der mittelständischen Wirtschaft durch effizientere Nutzung von Energie ist eine der rentabelsten Optionen. Dennoch werden diese Chancen wegen vielfältiger Hemmnisse und Marktversagen kaum realisiert. Hierbei spielen hohe Transaktionskosten und Entscheidungsroutinen bei Investitionen und beim Einkauf der Betriebe eine erhebliche Rolle. Ein in der Schweiz entwickeltes Netzwerkkonzept mit Eingangsberatung jedes teilnehmenden Betriebes, Zielsetzungen für das gesamte Netzwerk, regelmäßigen moderierten Treffen der Energiebeauftragten zum Erfahrungsaustausch sowie einem jährlichem Monitoring überwindet viele dieser Hemmnisse und führt zu einer Verdopplung des energietechnischen Fortschrittes relativ zum Effizienzfortschritt der Industrie insgesamt. Dieses Netzwerkkonzept kann weitestgehend von der Wirtschaft selbst durchgeführt werden. Die jährliche durchschnittliche Energiekostenersparnis ist rd. 100.000€ je Betrieb und Jahr und die CO2-Emissionsminderung rd. 500 t CO2. Bei einem Gesamtpotential von rd. 700 Netzwerken wären für 2020 Emissionsminderungen bis zu 10 Mio. t CO2 möglich. Ein Netzwerk-Managementsystem erlaubt einen Mindeststandard zum Aufbau und Betrieb derartiger Netzwerke für Beratende Ingenieure und Moderatore

The Explicit Wake Parametrisation V1.0: a wind farm parametrisation in the mesoscale model WRF

We describe the theoretical basis, implementation, and validation of a new parametrisation that accounts for the effect of large offshore wind farms on the atmosphere and can be used in mesoscale and large-scale atmospheric models. This new parametrisation, referred to as the Explicit Wake Parametrisation (EWP), uses classical wake theory to describe the unresolved wake expansion. The EWP scheme is validated for a neutral atmospheric boundary layer against filtered in situ measurements from two meteorological masts situated a few kilometres away from the Danish offshore wind farm Horns Rev I. The simulated velocity deficit in the wake of the wind farm compares well to that observed in the measurements, and the velocity profile is qualitatively similar to that simulated with large eddy simulation models and from wind tunnel studies. At the same time, the validation process highlights the challenges in verifying such models with real observations

The Explicit Wake Parametrisation V1.0: a wind farm parametrisation in the mesoscale model WRF

We describe the theoretical basis, implementation, and validation of a new parametrisation that accounts for the effect of large offshore wind farms on the atmosphere and can be used in mesoscale and large-scale atmospheric models. This new parametrisation, referred to as the Explicit Wake Parametrisation (EWP), uses classical wake theory to describe the unresolved wake expansion. The EWP scheme is validated for a neutral atmospheric boundary layer against filtered in situ measurements from two meteorological masts situated a few kilometres away from the Danish offshore wind farm Horns Rev I. The simulated velocity deficit in the wake of the wind farm compares well to that observed in the measurements, and the velocity profile is qualitatively similar to that simulated with large eddy simulation models and from wind tunnel studies. At the same time, the validation process highlights the challenges in verifying such models with real observations

Influence of the Triglyceride Composition, Surfactant Concentration and Time–Temperature Conditions on the Particle Morphology in Dispersions

Many applications for crystalline triglyceride-in-water dispersions exist in the life sciences and pharmaceutical industries. The main dispersion structures influencing product properties are the particle morphology and size distribution. These can be set by the formulation and process parameters, but temperature fluctuations may alter them afterwards. As the dispersed phase often consists of complex fats, there are many formulation variables influencing these product properties. In this study, we aimed to gain a better understanding of the influence of the dispersed-phase composition on the crystallization and melting behavior of these systems. We found that different particle morphologies can be obtained by varying the dispersed-phase composition. Droplets smaller than 1 µm were obtained after melting due to self-emulsification (SE), but these changes and coalescence events were only partly influenced by the melting range of the fat. With increasing surfactant concentration, the SE tendency increased. The smallest x50,3 of 3 µm was obtained with a surfactant concentration of 0.5 wt%. We attributed this to different mechanisms leading to the droplets’ breakup during melting, which we observed via thermo-optical microscopy. In addition, SE and coalescence are a function of the cooling and heating profiles. With slow heating (0.5 K/min), both phenomena are more pronounced, as the particles have more time to undergo the required mechanisms