Contributions of Kerim Kerimov in aerospace engineering

The objective ofthis research is to study the contributions ofthe person behind Rusia's achievement in space exploration. The significance of this chapter shows that a good leader is important to ensure the all missions are performed smoothly, capable to overcome and rectify problems quickly. The methodology adopted in this chapter is based on data collection from library and other trustworthy sources. This chapter explores early development and achievement in space exploration during Kerim Kerimov's life. Prior to 1987, Kerim Kerimov was not known to public even though his contributions in space research were vast. He had dedicated himself to the space researches throughout his life and contributed to the development of space exploration in his country. For more than 25 years involvement in aerospace industry, he had launched many astronauts and spacecrafts such as Vostok 1, Molniya, Soyuz 11 and so on. However, not all missions were successfully accomplished. Failure teaches people to be more creative, innovative and dare to take risks because there is no victory without effort

Weight martingale-ergodic and ergodic-martingale theorems

In this paper we prove weighted martingale-ergodic and weighted ergodic-martingale theorems. Furthermore, analogous dominant and maximal inequalities for weighted martingale ergodic sequences and weighted ergodic martingale averages are also obtained

Zinc-Air Battery – Powering Electric Vehicles to Smart Active Labels

The present paper reviews the development of zinc-air battery. Due to its high energy density advantage, the electrochemical system has been extensively studied and developed. However, major problems associated with the electrochemical system remain a formidable challenge, the utmost being to develop an electrically rechargeable zinc-air battery. Efforts made to overcome or mitigate the limitations concerned can be conceptually classified either as solving problems or seeking solutions. The changing paradigm from the electrically rechargeable system to the mechanically rechargeable system is illustrated as an example. Emerging innovations in smart active labels - flat, flexible and functional devices, particularly in healthcare industry, instigated the authors to develop zinc-air battery as a prospective micro-power source for smart active labels. The thin battery technology developed, in collaboration between IIUM and BPPT, is of low cost, comprises of green electro active materials, and able to operate in quasi-neutral electrolyte. These features fulfil the criteria for the battery to be incorporated into disposable smart active labels

Mahmoud Hessaby's contribution to the infinitely extended particles theory in quantum physics

This chapter aims to highlight quantum physics and its major theories such as the infinitely extended particles. In fact, Classical mechanics functions very well for large objects that are moving much slower than the velocity of light. Nonetheless, once objects start to move very fast, we need to modify Newton's equations by relativistic equations. On the contrary, quantum theory becomes a necessity for objects that are extremely small. In this study, the importance of quantum theory will be investigated and explored. If Newton's laws were to be extended to domains that are far from daily experience, they will start to fail and give incorrect results. Historically, at the tum of the nineteenth century, the failure ofNewtonian physics became very clear in the studies of the Atom (M. Hessaby, 1966)

The contribution of Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi to light, optics and cryptology

The objective of this chapter is to discuss Al Kindi's contributions in the field of engineering including the theory of light, optics and cryptology. The research framework is Al Kindi's contributions to light including act of seeing, motion of rectilinear property of light, visual rays and perceptio

A high rate zinc/MCM-41/air cell

We report the performance characteristics of a high discharge rate zinc-air cell, assembled in a compact, monopolar and bipolar configurations. The use of inorganic MCM-41 membrane enables the construction of a thin, compact cell design with ease. MCM-41 consists of hexagonally-ordered nanopore structure and characterized by its large surface area and pore volume, very narrow pore size distribution, hydrophilic in nature and very good thermal stability. The monopolar Zinc/MCM-41/air cell demonstrates discharge characteristics of comparable performance to commercial cells. The cell, 1 cm2 area x ca. 460 µm thick, possesses limiting current of 27 mA, maximum power output of 31 mW, and volumetric energy density of 924 Wh/l, rated at 20 mA. A bipolar design markedly improves the cell performance. The cell, 1 cm2 area x ca. 920 µm thick, possesses limiting current of 95 mA, maximum power output of 107 mW, and volumetric energy density of 1189 Wh/l

Recent Advances in Biofuel Cell and Emerging Hybrid System

The present paper reviews the recent development of biofuel cell. Due to its renewable nature and milder operating conditions compared to conventional fuel cell, the electrochemical system has been extensively studied. However, major problems associated with this type of electrochemical system remain an intimidating challenge, the utmost being the low power output and stability of biocatalyst being used. Various attempts have been made to overcome these problems, some are reviewed here. The authors suggest a new direction in solving these problems by using hybrid system i.e. metal biofuel cell. The new hybrid system developed is of lower cost, less complex, higher OCV and greater power output

Optimization of TiO2 thin film thickness for dye sensitized solar cell applications

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) rely on the absorption of photons by the dye molecules which are transported to the conduction band of the TiO2 electrode. The microstructure, energy gap and the absorption spectra of the TiO2 electrodes highly affects the efficiency of the cell. In this paper, the absorption spectra and energy gap has been studied by varying the thickness of the TiO2 paste. Nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films were deposited on ITO glass substrate with three different thickness (4.54μm, 7.12μm and 12.3μm) by using doctor blade method. After deposition all the samples were sintered at 450°C after deposition to enhance the particle bonding and for achieving better adhesion. The samples were characterized by UV-VIS spectra for determining the absorption spectra and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for investigating the thickness and the surface morphology. Fabricating the electrodes with different thickness showed significant changes in the energy gap and from the results it can be concluded that the energy gap increases with the increased thickness. The highest energy gap of 2.25ev and absorption 3.791 was achieved by 12.3μm thick sample. The absorption spectra also shows better absorption throughout the whole visible light range but the SEM images suggests that 12.3μm thick sample shows cracks all over the deposited region which will cause current leakage when the cell is assembled. Therefore, the optimum result was achieved by 7.12μm thick sample providing 1.9 ev energy gap and 3.91 absorption peak

Studies in gynaecology in zad al-musafir wa qut al- hadir of Abu Jaafar Ibn al-Jazzar

The main focus of this chapter is to present the work of Ibn AI-Jazzar in his sixth book of Zad al-Musafir wa Qut al-Hadir which focuses on gynaecology. The significance of the research is to show that with high commitment, one can excel in any area that he explores. The methodology adopted in completing this research is mainly based on information seeking. Books, journals and the information technology (internet) were made used in achieving the goal to educate the readers on this subject. In 1993, Prof Dr. Gerrit Bos from Germany had published an article entitled Ibn AI-Jazzar on Women's Diseases in the 37th volume of Medical History and thus, this article has provided me the most extensive information in conducting this researc

Recent Advances in Biofuel Cell and Emerging Hybrid System

The present paper reviews the recent development of biofuel cell. Due to its renewable nature and milder operating conditions compared to conventional fuel cell, the electrochemical system has been extensively studied. However, major problems associated with this type of electrochemical system remain an intimidating challenge, the utmost being the low power output and stability of biocatalyst being used. Various attempts have been made to overcome these problems, some are reviewed here. The authors suggest a new direction in solving these problems by using hybrid system i.e. metal biofuel cell. The new hybrid system developed is of lower cost, less complex, higher OCV and greater power output