Syntheses And Characterization Of Bis(amino)cyclodiphosphazane Complexes Of Group 4- And -15 Elements

In the first part of this work, the interaction of sodium tert-butoxide and sulfur with Group 4 metal bis(tert-butylamido)cyclodiphosph(III)azanes dichlorides, {[tBuNP)2tBuN)2]MCl2}, where M is Zr or Hf, is reported. The reaction of two equivalents of NaOtBu with {[tBuNP)2tBuN)2]MCl2}, M = Zr, Hf, resulted in the isolation of the first metal alkoxide complexes {[tBuNP)2tBuN)2]M(OtBu)2}, 35 (M =Zr) and 36 (M = Hf) of cyclodiphosphazanes. The oxidation of compounds 35 and 36 with elemental sulfur yielded {[tBuNP=S)2tBuN)2]M(OtBu)2}, 37 (M = Zr) and 38 (M = Hf), respectively. Similarly, the oxidation of {[tBuNP)2tBuN)2]MCl2}, M = Zr, Hf, with elemental sulfur led to the isolation of {[tBuNP=S)2tBuN)2]MCl2}, 39 (M = Zr) and 40 (M = Hf). The structures of compounds 37–40 were determined by X-ray crystallography and confirmed by multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In part two, the attack of two equivalents of the electrophiles Ph2PCl, PCl3, and CH3I on the dianionic bis(alkylamido)cyclodiphosph(III)azanes, {R = tert-butyl (48), cyclohexyl (54)} is described. The reaction of [(tBuNP)2(tBuNLi·thf)2 with Ph2PCl led to the isolation of two products: an asymmetric P, N product, 52A and a symmetric P, P substituted heterocycle, 52B. Treatment of cis-[(tBuNE)2(RNLi·thf)2], E = P, SiCH3 and R = tBu, Cy, with PCl3 yielded cis-{[E(μ-NtBu)]2(RNPCl2)2}, 55 (E = P, R = Cy) and 57 (E = SiCH3, R = tBu). While the reaction of MeI with compound 48 resulted in the isolation of the symmetrical product cis-{[(tBuNPMe)2(tBuNLi·thf)2]I2}, 58. Also, the lithiation of compound 59 with n-BuLi yielded 60. Compounds 52A, 52B, 54, 55, 57, and 60 were characterized by multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and elemental analysis. The last part of this work describes the syntheses and characterization of compounds derived from the reactions of {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]ECl}, E = P, Sb, with various reagents. Treatment of {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]PCl} with excess sulfur, AgSO3CF3, PhMgCl, and NaOtBu led to the isolation of the compounds [(tBuNP=S)3N], 66, [(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]P]+SO3CF3-, 67, {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]PPh}, 68, and {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]POtBu}, 70, respectively. Meanwhile, oxidation of compound 68 with elemental sulfur resulted in {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2](P=S)Ph}, 69. Also, the reaction of {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]SbCl} with PhMgCl and NaOtBu yiedeld {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]SbPh}, 71 and {[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2]SbOtBu}, 72, respectively. The structures of compounds 66, 67, 69, and 71 were determined by X-ray crystallography and confirmed by multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis

A review of the phytochemistry, botany, pharmacology and toxicology of Arctotis arctotoides

Background: Arctotis arctotoides (Asteraceae) is commonly used by the rural people of Eastern Cape for the treatment of epilepsy, indigestion, catarrh and stomach ache. The leaf paste or juice is applied topically in the treatment of wounds and skin disorders. Unfortunately, no previous reviews are available for this important medicinal plant. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Arctotis arctotoides.Methodology: This review was carried out using a comprehensive and systematic literature search on the following databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Searches were undertaken using the key word “Arctotis arctotoides” and the six synonyms of Arctotis arctotoides identified in the Plant List.Results: In the first phyto-chemical study of Arctotis arctotoides, the authors reported that sesquiterpenoids presence was predominant in the root oil whereas, the essential oils of the leaves, flowers and stems had both monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The literature survey revealed that Arctotis arctotoides has been investigated in four pharmacological areas, including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer and anti-oxidant activities. Three toxicity screens for the crude extracts of A. arctotoides on cell lines, rats and brine shrimp were identified in the literature.Conclusion: Detailed studies on the bioactivity of the crude extracts and the isolated phyto-chemicals have provided partial evidence as regards the traditional use of A. arctotoides in the treatment of wounds in Eastern Cape of South Africa. However, in order to fully exploit the medicinal potential of A. arctotoides, the expansion of existing traditional knowledge into neighboring communities where the plant is not currently in use for the stated indications will support a greater use of the plant in primary healthcare.Key words: Arctotis arctotoides, botany, phyto-chemistry, pharmacology and toxicologyList of abbreviations: ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; BHT: Butylated hydroxytoluene; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl ; FRAP: Ferric reducing ability of plasma; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-. 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; RPMI 1640 medium: Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; TLC: Thin layerchromatography

Penerapan Kurikulum 2013 dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan, Sikap, dan Pengetahuan

Implementation of the 2013 curriculum is very different from the previous curriculum, there are still many obstacles that we know greatly affect the learning outcomes, both in terms of media used, the assessment in the 2013 curriculum is more complicated than the previous curriculum then the methods used to convey the learning materials that want to be taught not effective or even incompatible with the material to be conveyed. This research method is a classroom action research conducted in improving the learning process, with four meetings. The assessment taken in this study is an evaluation evaluation of each meeting in the form of attitudinal value, value of knowledge and skill value based on teacher\u27s book on theme 4 "Healthy is Important" with sub theme 1 "Importance of Health and Environment". On the attitudes that appear attitude of self-confidence, curiosity and independence Already entrusted by 20.68% confidence, and curiosity while mandated 6.2% lower because students are still not familiar with the implementation of the curriculum 2013. Results of student knowledge seen the development in excellent value at the first meeting of 36.4%, at the second meeting decreased to 30.3%, while at the third meeting experienced a 52.25% increase again. While on the results of these students\u27 skills on four meetings emerged every meeting with a very good category at the first meeting of 18.1%, at the second meeting increased to 27.3%, the third meeting decreased to 20.68%, while at the fourth meeting increased again by 65.62%

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Langsung untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Pemahaman Siswa Kelas V Sdn 029 Teluk Erong Kecamatan Rengat

The background of this research is based on the fact that happened in class V SDN 029 Teluk Erong Kecamatan Rengat, which indicates a low reading skills of students. The problem of this research is "Does the application of direct instructional model can improve students \u27reading comprehension Class V SDN 029 Teluk Erong Kecamatan Rengat?" The purpose of this research is to improve students\u27 reading comprehension Class V SDN 029 Teluk Erong Kecamatan Rengat by applying the model direct learning. This study took place in class V SDN 029 Teluk Erong Kecamatan Rengat and held on 5 April until 22 April 2016 with a number of subjects as many as 12 people consisting of 2 women and 10 men. This research is a classroom action research conducted in two cycles. Based on the results obtained by the percentage of individuals and classical completeness by applying direct learning model, before the action amounted to 16.7% and the students who did not complete 83.3%, in the first cycle increased by 66.7% and that is not finished at 33.7%. Then on the second cycle increased by 91.7%, while 9.3% did not complete. In the second cycle the average student learning outcomes 60% and increased to 72.5% in the first cycle, the difference in the increase of the value of the previous test was 20.8%. In the second cycle the average results of tests students\u27 return increased to 82.5% margin improvement that occurred from the first cycle to the second cycle is sebesar13,8%. So the increase in students\u27 test results is by 34.6% overall. From the results of these actions can be summed application of direct learning model can improve students\u27 reading comprehension class V SDN 029 Teluk Erong Kecamatan Rengat

Evaluation of the efficacy of ethanol leaf extract of Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard and B.L. Burtt against skin aging

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of Helichrysum petiolare ethanol leaf extract against skin aging.Methods: The cytotoxic potential of the plant extract towards human dermal fibroblast (MRHF) cells was determined by Hoechst 33342/Propidium iodide (PI) staining. Effect of H. petiolare extract on reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in MRHF cells and NO (nitric oxide) production in RAW 246.7 cells activated by LPS (lipopolysaccharides) was investigated. The inhibitory effect of the extract againstcollagenase, elastase, tyrosinase and protein glycation was also evaluated.Results: The extract did not display cytotoxicity towards MRHF cells at the tested concentrations when compared to the trend seen with the untreated control (p < 0.05). The extract caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in ROS levels in MRHF cells in a concentration-dependent manner and also demonstrated a reduction in NO production in RAW cells with no toxicity. Furthermore, the extract produced a weak inhibition of collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase activities when compared to the corresponding positive controls, but effectively inhibited protein glycation at the tested concentrations.Conclusion: The findings suggest that the ethanol leaf extract from H. petiolare has the potential to mitigate skin aging and therefore needs to be further investigated for possible clinical applications. Keywords: Cytotoxicity, Efficacy, Helichrysum petiolare, MRHF cells, Oxidative stress, Protein glycation; skin agin

Metode Membaca Sas (Struktural Analitik Sintetik)dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Membaca Permulaandi Kelas I Sdn 79 Pekanbaru

This research using the experiment quasi carried out in the class 1 SDN 79 Pekanbaru by comparing the skill read beginning between the kontrol and class experiment. The result of the data pre educational the result of the average blended class eksperiment 70,26 and the class kontrol with the averageb 72,76 be seen from the test then summed there is not different the significant because X count = 1,39 Xtable = 5,991. In an increase in the experiment test with N gain 0,48 with the medium categories and the class kontrol with N gain 0,25 the low categories it gives an idea that SAS methode more effective in improving read the beginning

Cytotoxicity Of Three South African Medicinal Plants Using The Chang Liver Cell Line

Background: Arctotis arctotoides, Gasteria bicolor and Pittosporum viridiflorum are commonly used in the Eastern Cape, South Africa by traditional healers for the treatment of opportunistic fungal infections in HIV/AIDS patients. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of published data regarding the toxicity of the selected plants, despite the fact that experimental screening of toxicity is crucial to guarantee the safety of the users.Materials and Methods: Therefore, it was decided to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the hexane and acetone extracts of the medicinal plants against the Chang Liver cell line using the in vitro MTT assay. Different concentrations of the extracts were added into 24-hour cultured cells and incubated for 72 hours under specific condition (37 °C, 5% CO2). Cell survival was evaluated using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,  5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.Results: Depending on the dosage and duration of treatment, the cytotoxic effects of Gasteria bicolor and Pittosporum viridiflorum were considered relatively weak (but not entirely absent) and less of a toxicity risk. Arctotis arctotoides extracts were the most toxic both in terms of IC50 values as well as the steeper slope of the dose response curve. The IC50 values for the acetone and hexane extracts of this plant were 17.4 and 12.4 μg/ml respectively.Conclusion: These relatively low values raise concern for potential hepatotoxic effects and deserve further investigation or at least a warning to potential users.Keywords: Cytotoxicity; medicinal plants; opportunistic fungal infections; Chang liver cell lin

Perubahan Bentuk, Fungsi Dan Makna Tenun Songket Siakpada Masyarakat Melayu Riau

This research was condected in Kampung Rempak Kabupaten Siak where tenun Siak development area existed during the royal era. Tenun Siak cloth is one of the cultural products of its society that was made and worn by royal family. During the time, Tenun Siak cloth is not only worn by royal family but also by public society other than the royal society with its forms and motives. The objective of the research is to understand of Tenun Siak cloth related to motives, ascesorier and function change and meaning of Tenun Siak cloth pertaining to the user, social status on the society. The research appleied qualitative approach by following method develoved by Milles and Humberman. Data was collected by applying field reseach to the Tenun Siak clocth. Data also being collected from informen, the Siak cloth weaver, traditional expert, headvillagers and the capable men of the village. Informen were determiend by purposive based on necessities. For data validity, it is important to apply checking trustworthiness technic, subtitutive, dependecy and accuracy.The research finds that there has been any change to the Tenun Siak cloth, the product change. Motives and colors are now more varied, as well as form compared to the royal era, it also happens to the use, Tenun Siak cloth is not only for royal family but it is also worn by people in general, in anytime and at any place. Besides, the change also happens to the done tativec conotative meaning and symbol of the Tenun Siak cloth. The change found due to internal change to the weaver by economic motive as well as external change by the use of tool sets and also communication along with technology