Cerebrovascular accidents in Nigerians: a study of 348 patients

No Abstrac

EVALUATION OF QUANTITATIVE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF SPONDIAS MOMBIN EXTRACTS (LINN), A PRECURSOR AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASES

The purpose of this research work is to investigate the elemental composition and antioxidant potentials of Spondias mombin (leaf, root and stem bark) at concentration of 10, 20 and 5mg/ml. using different conventional laboratory methods, also to determine the antioxidant potentials of Spondias mombin. The element present are Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Copper(Cu), Manganese (Mn), Potasium (K) and Phosphorus (P).it was observed that all elements were present at appreciable quantity. It was observed that the highest and lowest quantity were found in Zinc (20.34) and Cu (1.22) for the leaf extract, Potasium (24.98) and (2.14) for stem bark, Calcium (29.35) and Pb (2.91) for the root extract. Pb has minimal quantity in all parts of Spondias mombin extract. P value< 0.0001, Significantly different standard deviations. The antioxidant composition are FRAP, DPPH, Fe2+,ABTS, H2O2 and superoxide. The percentage composition of FRAP, DPPH, Fe2+,ABTS, SO and H2O2, superoxide phenol and flavonoid were elucidated, it was observed that ABTS has the highest composition in the stem bark and superoxide (SO) has the lowest content in the aqueous root extract of Spondias mombin.it can be deduced that Spondias mombin is a very important medicinal plant which should not go into extinction, its uses, efficacy and importance should not be over emphasis for the fact that it is rich in both elemental and antioxidants potential, therefore, its cultivation and day to day usage of Spondias mombin should be therefore be encouraged

Synthesis and characterization of group 12 dithiolate complexes as single source precursors for the preparation of hexadecylamine capped metal sulfide nanoparticles and polymer

A series of heteroleptic mixed ligand complexes of some alkyl substituted thiourea, tetramethyl thiuram disulfide and 1-cyano-1-carboethoxy-2,2 ditholate of Zn(II) Cd(II) and Hg(II) have been synthesized by stoichiometry reactions of the ligands with respective metal salts. They have been characterized with analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Seven out of the 19 complexes synthesized are pyridine 2, 2 bipyridine and 1, 10 phenanthroline adducts of dissopropyl parent adducts of Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes. All the complexes are proposed as four coordinate except the pyridine adducts, 2, 2’ bipyridine and 1, 10 phenanhroline adducts that are proposed as five and six coordinate respectively. All the complexes are solid, air stable and moisture stable for a many months. They are not soluble in common organic solvents but partially soluble in coordinating solvents like DMF and DMSO and due to their insolubility problems all attempts to grow single crystal of the complexes proved abortive. The complexes gave respective metal sulfide on thermal decomposition in TGA and this makes them to be potentially useful single source precursor for the synthesis of metal sulfide. All the complexes were invariably thermolysed in HDA to synthesis a series of HDA-capped ZnS, CdS and HgS nanoparticles. The optical properties of the nanoparticles reveal that they are all blue-shifted from the absorbance edge and this confirms quantum confinement of the nanoparticles. The transmittance electron microscope showed that the nanoparticles are in nanodimension. ZnS nanoparticles from the pyridine adducts gave HDA-capped ZnS nanoparticles with a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases while the HDA capped CdS from the 2, 2 bipyridine and 1,10 phenanthroline gave anisotropic nanoparticles. The sizes of the CdS from the 1,10 phenanthroline adducts were also found to be biggest while CdS nanoparticles from 2,2 bipyridine adduct were also revealed to be bigger than the particle sizes obtained from the parent complex, (1-cyano-1 carboethoxyethylene-2,2-dithiolato- κ,S’S)-bis(N, N’-diisopropylthiourea -κS)cadmium(II). ZnS and CdS polymer encapsulated nanocomposites were also synthesized using a solution casting method. The polymers employed were; Polymethyl metharcrylate (PMMA), Poly(vinly alcohol) (PVA), and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The structural and thermal properties of the pure polymers and the respective nanocomposites were investigated. It was observed that the ZnS/PVA and CdS/PVA were the most thermally stable composites when the thermal stability of the pure polymers were compared relative to the nanocomposites using data obtained from thermal decomposition results of the TGA

Bio-guided Isolation, Purification and Chemical Characterization of Epigallocatechin; Epicatechin, Stigmasterol, Phytosterol from of Ethyl Acetate Stem Bark Fraction of Spondias mombin (Linn.)

Spondias mombin (Linn.) is a widely cultivated edible plant used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of severe infection and health disorders. This research work was carried out to isolation, purification and chemical characterization the bioactive constituents of the ethyl acetate stem bark fraction of Spondias mombin (Linn.), a medicinally important plant of the Anacardiaceae family. This study revealed the presence of flavonoid and steroids, which have been found to be important hormone regulators which possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties. The chemical investigation resulted in the isolation of (C15H14O6.) 5, 7, 3', 4'-pentahydroxy flavanol (Epicatechin), (C15H14O7.) Epigallocatechin (C29H48O.), Stigmasterol phytosterol. It is here reported isolated from Spondias mombin for the first time, this makes the Spondias mombin very important medicinal plant in Nigeria and west Africa. EGC and EC arts as a strong inhibitor of HIV replication in cultured peripheral blood cells and inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in vitro. EGC binds directly to CD4 molecules with consequent inhibition of Gp 120 binding and inactivate viruses in-vitro by deformation of phospholipids. Stigmasterol phytosterol have been shown to lower/reduce blood cholesterol and this lowering may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. The structure was elucidated using two dimensional NMR spectroscopy, NMR (1H, 13 C) spectroscopy in combination with Infra-red (IR) and Mass spectrometer (MS) spectra data

Microbial Carriage of Shuttle Door Handles and Campus Bank’s Automated Teller Machines

Microorganisms are ubiquitous organisms that can cause microbial contamination in both indoor and outdoor settings, with frequently touched surfaces acting as environmental reservoirs that increase the ability of pathogens to be transferred from host to host. This study was aimed at isolating, identifying and characterizing bacteria and fungi present on frequently used Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and campus shuttle bus handles at Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State. Swab samples were obtained from the keypads of ATMs and door handles of campus shuttle buses. Enumeration of total microbial counts was carried out using the pour plating technique. The bacterial isolates were identified using Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology based on the results obtained from microscopic examination, cultural and morphological examination and biochemical tests. Meanwhile, the fungal isolates were identified using the Atlas and Compendium of Soil Fungi, based on the results obtained from cultural and morphological examination, as well as microscopic examination. The antibiotic and antifungal susceptibility pattern of the isolated microorganisms was also determined. Results showed that the ATM keypads and shuttle door handles contained Staphylococcus aureus (8.82%), Bacillus spp. (32.35%), Proteus mirabilis (8.82%), Escherichia coli (5.88), Salmonella spp. (5.88%), Enterobacter cloacae (5.88%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.94%), Citrobacter freundii (2.94%), Vibrio cholerae (2.94%), Serratia marcescens (2.94%), Aspergillus spp. (5.88%), Cladosporium sp. (2.94%), Geomyces sp. (2.94%), Oidiodendron griseum robak (2.94%), Penicillium paneum (2.94%) and Fusarium culmorum (2.94%). The zone of inhibition for the bacteria and fungi isolates ranged from 4mm to 36 mm, with ciprofloxacin being the most effective antibiotic. This study shows that campus shuttles and ATMs, aside from their primary functions, could also serve as a means of transmitting both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, which pose public health risks. Personal hygiene and sanitation, such as hand washing and the use of hand sanitizer to clean hands, could serve as a means of reducing the incidence of microbial transmission

Antibacterial and Antifungal Efficacy of Partially Partitioned Fractions of Spondias mombin (Linn) Extracts (Root, Leaf and Stem Bark) against Clinical and Environmental Isolates

The purpose this research work is to determine the antibacterial and antifungal assay of partitioned fractions of S. mombin (Linn) extracts against clinical and environmental isolates. The root, leaf and stem-bark of S. mombin were harvested and air-dried. The dried S. mombin was milled into powdered form using manual grinder. Powdered S. mombin (1 kg) each of the different S. mombin parts was extracted with 3 L of 70% (v/v) ethanol, ethyl acetate and distilled water for 72 h at room temperature. The SMRE and SMREA were used to code for root part; SMLE and SMLEA for the leaf part; and SMSBE and SMSBEA for the stem-bark part, each was fractionated on column chromatography with silica as the stationary phase using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol as the eluting solvent to obtain n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Antimicrobial and antifungal screened was observed using agar well diffusion test. The result obtained showed that in partially purified ethyl acetate leaf extracts, Fraction (F1 SMLEAH) showed significant inhibitory effect (p ≤ 0.05) on all the test bacteria, except Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi at concentrations of 20.0-2.5 mg/ml, Fraction (F2 SMLEAEA) was not effective against Salmonella cholleraesuis, B. substilis, Citrobacter koseri and Salmonella typhi. Fraction (F3 SMLEAE) showed little or no inhibitory effect on most of the bacteria at all the concentration used. It can be deduced that in partially purified ethanolic leaf extracts, Fraction (F1 SMLEH) showed inhibitory effect on Burkholderia cepacia. All the organisms were not susceptible to all the fractions except F1 which had diameter of zones of growth inhibition ranging between 4.0-1.0 mm at 5 mg/ml-0.625 mg/ml on Mycobacterium abscessus. Partially purified ethanolic stem bark extracts, antifungal activity of the partially purified ethanolic extracts of S. mombin, Fractions (F1 SMLEH, F2 SMLEEA) and F3 SMLEE), significant antifungal activity (p ≤ 0.05) was observed at 20.0 mg/ml with most test fungi. Trichoderma horizionum was not susceptible to all the three fractions, while Aspergillus niger and Syncephala strumracemosum were susceptible to only fraction (F2 SMLEEA). Fractions (F1 SMSBEH, F2 SMSBEEA), F3 SMSBEE) on the test as the eluting solvent. Significant inhibitory effect (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in all the fractions at 20 mg/ml against most of the test bacteria. While, zones of growth inhibition of the various fractions varied with the test bacteria with the highest diameter zone of 8.0 mm recorded in fraction F1 against Salmonella typhi. Fractions (F2 SMSBEEA and F3 SMSBEE) possessed significant inhibitory effect (p ≤ 0.05) at 20.0-5.0 mg/ml on the test fungi, except Candida kruise and Rhizopus stonifer. The plant part by solvent interactive effect was significant (p<0.05), suggesting that the MICs and MBCs of test bacteria were observed at 0.3125 and 0.1562 mg/ml and MICs and MFCs test fungal were observed at 0.3125 and 0.1562 mg/ml respectively, The various plants differ significantly according to extraction solvent, These findings demonstrate the possible effectiveness of the S. mombin plant, especially its stem bark extracts, in treating microbial infections

Synthesis and characterization of group 12 dithiolate complexes as single source precursors for the preparation of hexadecylamine capped metal sulfide nanoparticles and polymer

A series of heteroleptic mixed ligand complexes of some alkyl substituted thiourea, tetramethyl thiuram disulfide and 1-cyano-1-carboethoxy-2,2 ditholate of Zn(II) Cd(II) and Hg(II) have been synthesized by stoichiometry reactions of the ligands with respective metal salts. They have been characterized with analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Seven out of the 19 complexes synthesized are pyridine 2, 2 bipyridine and 1, 10 phenanthroline adducts of dissopropyl parent adducts of Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes. All the complexes are proposed as four coordinate except the pyridine adducts, 2, 2’ bipyridine and 1, 10 phenanhroline adducts that are proposed as five and six coordinate respectively. All the complexes are solid, air stable and moisture stable for a many months. They are not soluble in common organic solvents but partially soluble in coordinating solvents like DMF and DMSO and due to their insolubility problems all attempts to grow single crystal of the complexes proved abortive. The complexes gave respective metal sulfide on thermal decomposition in TGA and this makes them to be potentially useful single source precursor for the synthesis of metal sulfide. All the complexes were invariably thermolysed in HDA to synthesis a series of HDA-capped ZnS, CdS and HgS nanoparticles. The optical properties of the nanoparticles reveal that they are all blue-shifted from the absorbance edge and this confirms quantum confinement of the nanoparticles. The transmittance electron microscope showed that the nanoparticles are in nanodimension. ZnS nanoparticles from the pyridine adducts gave HDA-capped ZnS nanoparticles with a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases while the HDA capped CdS from the 2, 2 bipyridine and 1,10 phenanthroline gave anisotropic nanoparticles. The sizes of the CdS from the 1,10 phenanthroline adducts were also found to be biggest while CdS nanoparticles from 2,2 bipyridine adduct were also revealed to be bigger than the particle sizes obtained from the parent complex, (1-cyano-1 carboethoxyethylene-2,2-dithiolato- κ,S’S)-bis(N, N’-diisopropylthiourea -κS)cadmium(II). ZnS and CdS polymer encapsulated nanocomposites were also synthesized using a solution casting method. The polymers employed were; Polymethyl metharcrylate (PMMA), Poly(vinly alcohol) (PVA), and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The structural and thermal properties of the pure polymers and the respective nanocomposites were investigated. It was observed that the ZnS/PVA and CdS/PVA were the most thermally stable composites when the thermal stability of the pure polymers were compared relative to the nanocomposites using data obtained from thermal decomposition results of the TGA

Bio-activity and Spectral Analysis of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) Profile of Crude Spondiasmonbin Extracts

The purpose of this research work is to determine the biological activity and spectral analysis of Gas chromatography/mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) profile of crude extract of S monbin,S.mombin L. (Anacardiacaea) is a plant that grows in almost every part of the world. It is fruitferious decidous plant of about 20m high that grows in the rain forest of Africa. Smombinparts were harvested early in the morning into a polythene bag. S.mombin plant (1kg) each of the different plant parts was extracted with 3 L of 70% (v/v) ethanol and ethyl acetate for 72 h at room temperature. GC-MS analysis of Ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of S.mombin plant was performed on a GC clarus 500 Perkin Elmer system comprising a AOC-20i auto sampler and gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer instrument and Mass spectra were taken at 70 eV; a scan interval of 0.5 s and fragments from 40 to 550 Da. Ethyl acetate leaf extract of Spondiasmonbin contained five (5) compounds, Ethanolic Stem bark extract contained three (3) compounds, Ethyl acetate root extract contained seven (7)compounds, Ethanolicroot extract of Spondiasmonbin contained seven (7) compounds and Ethyl acetate stem bark extract of Spondiasmonbin contained fifteen (15)compounds respectively. In this study with GC-MS analysis, thirty nine (39) compounds were elucidated in the crude extracts of Spondiasmonbin, all compoiund were used for different antimicrobial pharmacological properties. The highest number of compounds fifteen (15) was identified in the crude ethyl acetate stem bark ofSpondiasmonbin

Effects of vigabatrin, carbamazepine or its combination on the pituitarygonadal axis in male Wistar rats

Objectives: Epilepsy is the most common non-infectious neurologic disease in developing African countries following stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Most conventional antiepileptic drugs, due to their centrally acting potentials have been implicated in the deregulation of reproductive hormones. This study assessed the effect of the single and combined administration of vigabatrin (VIG) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on the pituitary-gonadal axis of male Wistar rats.Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10). The animals were administered with distilled water (0.1 ml/kg/day), VIG (200 mg/kg/day), CBZ (200 mg/kg/day), VIGCBZ combination (100 mg/kg/day each) and VIG-CBZ combination (200 mg/kg/day each) for 8 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, 5 rats from each group were sacrificed, while the remaining 5 eventually sacrificed after another 8 week of drug withdrawal. The level of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone were determined from the serum. The weight of the reproductive organs and sperm indices were assayed, while the testicular tissue were examined for signs of histological alteration.Results: The results showed significant decrease in the levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and sperm physiological indices. Morphological alteration was noticed in the testes of all the treated rats. However, there was restoration of these parameters sequelae to 8 weeks cessation of treatment.Conclusion: Single and combined administration of VIG and CBZ resulted into pituitary-gonadal axis hormonal deregulation and alterations in the sperm profile which were however reversible upon cessation of treatment.Keywords: epilepsy, vigabatrin, carbamazepine, sperm, testosteron

Antimicrobial, Phytochemical and Proximate Analysis of Four Nigerian Medicinal Plants on some Clinical Microorganisms

ABSTRACT The increasing incidence of resistance to antibiotics among bacteria currently poses serious clinical and public health threat and has propelled efforts for newer alternatives to alleviate the problem. Extensive search and testing for different plants with potentials for antimicrobial properties is presently considered one of the most feasible options as substitutes to the current regimen of antimicrobials. We tested the antibacterial characteristic and the phytochemical composition of four candidates: Momordica balsamina, Pavetta crassipes, Phyllanthus amarus and Aloe vera. Extractions were carried out using distilled water, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Generally, all extracts showed considerable antibacterial properties against Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activities for each extract of the plants increased with increasing concentration. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity while hexane extracts showed the least activity against the test organisms. The plants contained essential phytochemicals and minerals were detected except lead. This study further confirmed the antimicrobial activity of these plants and efforts should be intensified in the search for novel plants with medicinal and antimicrobial potentials