556 research outputs found
Economic choices can be made using only stimulus values
Decision-making often involves choices between different stimuli, each of which is associated with a different physical action. A growing consensus suggests that the brain makes such decisions by assigning a value to each available option and then comparing them to make a choice. An open question in decision neuroscience is whether the brain computes these choices by comparing the values of stimuli directly in goods space or instead by first assigning values to the associated actions and then making a choice over actions. We used a functional MRI paradigm in which human subjects made choices between different stimuli with and without knowledge of the actions required to obtain the different stimuli. We found neural correlates of the value of the chosen stimulus (a postdecision signal) in ventromedial prefrontal cortex before the actual stimulusâaction pairing was revealed. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that the brain is capable of making choices in the space of goods without first transferring values into action space
Collision and symmetry-breaking in the transition to strange nonchaotic attractors
Strange nonchaotic attractors (SNAs) can be created due to the collision of
an invariant curve with itself. This novel ``homoclinic'' transition to SNAs
occurs in quasiperiodically driven maps which derive from the discrete
Schr\"odinger equation for a particle in a quasiperiodic potential. In the
classical dynamics, there is a transition from torus attractors to SNAs, which,
in the quantum system is manifest as the localization transition. This
equivalence provides new insights into a variety of properties of SNAs,
including its fractal measure. Further, there is a {\it symmetry breaking}
associated with the creation of SNAs which rigorously shows that the Lyapunov
exponent is nonpositive. By considering other related driven iterative
mappings, we show that these characteristics associated with the the appearance
of SNA are robust and occur in a large class of systems.Comment: To be appear in Physical Review Letter
Light Induced Melting of Colloidal Crystals in Two Dimensions
We demonstrate that particles confined to two dimensions (2d) and subjected
to a one-dimensional (1d) periodic potential exhibit a rich phase diagram, with
both ``locked floating solids'' and smectic phases. The resulting phases and
phase transitions are studied as a function of temperature and potential
strength. We find reentrant melting as a function of the potential strength.
Our results lead to universal predictions consistent with recent experiments on
2d colloids in the presence of a laser-induced 1d periodic potential.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, also available at http://cmtw.harvard.edu/~fre
Anything You Can Do, You Can Do Better: Neural Substrates of Incentive-Based Performance Enhancement
Performance-based pay schemes in many organizations share the fundamental assumption that the performance level for a given task will increase as a function of the amount of incentive provided. Consistent with this notion, psychological studies have demonstrated that expectations of reward can improve performance on a plethora of different cognitive and physical tasks, ranging from problem solving to the voluntary regulation of heart rate. However, much less is understood about the neural mechanisms of incentivized performance enhancement. In particular, it is still an open question how brain areas that encode expectations about reward are able to translate incentives into improved performance across fundamentally different cognitive and physical task requirements
Plasma osteopontin concentrations in preeclampsia - is there an association with endothelial injury?
Background: It has been previously reported that plasma
osteopontin (OPN) concentrations are increased in cardiovascular
disorders. The goal of the present study was to determine plasma
OPN concentrations in healthy pregnant women and preeclamptic
patients, and to investigate their relationship to the clinical
characteristics of the study subjects and to markers of
inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP)], endothelial activation
[von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF: Ag)] or endothelial injury
(fibronectin), oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA)] and
trophoblast debris (cell-free fetal DNA). Methods: Forty-four
patients with preeclampsia and 44 healthy pregnant women matched
for age and gestational age were involved in this case-control
study. Plasma OPN concentrations were measured with ELISA. Serum
CRP concentrations were determined with an autoanalyzer using
the manufacturer's reagents. Plasma VWF: Ag was quantified by
ELISA, while plasma fibronectin concentrations were measured by
nephelometry. Plasma MDA concentrations were estimated by the
thiobarbituric acid-based colorimetric assay. The amount of
cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma was determined by
quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the sex-determining
region Y (SRY) gene. For statistical analyses, non-parametric
methods were applied. Results: Serum levels of CRP, as well as
plasma concentrations of VWF: Ag, fibronectin, MDA and cell-free
fetal DNA were significantly higher in preeclamptic patients
than in healthy pregnant women. There was no significant
difference in plasma OPN concentrations between controls and the
preeclamptic group. However, preeclamptic patients with plasma
fibronectin concentrations in the upper quartile had
significantly higher plasma OPN concentrations than those below
the 75th percentile, as well as healthy pregnant women [median
(interquartile range): 9.38 (8.10-11.99) vs. 7.54 (6.31-9.40)
and 7.40 (6.51-8.80) ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.05 for both].
Furthermore, in preeclamptic patients, plasma OPN concentrations
showed a significant positive linear association with plasma
fibronectin (Spearman R = 0.38, standardized regression
coefficient (beta) = 0.41, p < 0.05 for both). Conclusions:
Plasma OPN concentrations are increased in preeclamptic patients
with extensive endothelial injury. However, further studies are
warranted to explore the relationship between OPN and
endothelial damage. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48: 181-7
Holography for chiral scale-invariant models
Deformation of any d-dimensional conformal field theory by a constant null
source for a vector operator of dimension (d + z -1) is exactly marginal with
respect to anisotropic scale invariance, of dynamical exponent z. The
holographic duals to such deformations are AdS plane waves, with z=2 being the
Schrodinger geometry. In this paper we explore holography for such chiral
scale-invariant models. The special case of z=0 can be realized with gravity
coupled to a scalar, and is of particular interest since it is related to a
Lifshitz theory with dynamical exponent two upon dimensional reduction. We show
however that the corresponding reduction of the dual field theory is along a
null circle, and thus the Lifshitz theory arises upon discrete light cone
quantization of an anisotropic scale invariant field theory.Comment: 62 pages; v2, published version, minor improvements and references
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Mapping the spatiotemporal dynamics of calcium signaling in cellular neural networks using optical flow
An optical flow gradient algorithm was applied to spontaneously forming net-
works of neurons and glia in culture imaged by fluorescence optical microscopy
in order to map functional calcium signaling with single pixel resolution.
Optical flow estimates the direction and speed of motion of objects in an image
between subsequent frames in a recorded digital sequence of images (i.e. a
movie). Computed vector field outputs by the algorithm were able to track the
spatiotemporal dynamics of calcium signaling pat- terns. We begin by briefly
reviewing the mathematics of the optical flow algorithm, and then describe how
to solve for the displacement vectors and how to measure their reliability. We
then compare computed flow vectors with manually estimated vectors for the
progression of a calcium signal recorded from representative astrocyte
cultures. Finally, we applied the algorithm to preparations of primary
astrocytes and hippocampal neurons and to the rMC-1 Muller glial cell line in
order to illustrate the capability of the algorithm for capturing different
types of spatiotemporal calcium activity. We discuss the imaging requirements,
parameter selection and threshold selection for reliable measurements, and
offer perspectives on uses of the vector data.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures. Peer reviewed accepted version in press in
Annals of Biomedical Engineerin
The role of point-like topological excitations at criticality: from vortices to global monopoles
We determine the detailed thermodynamic behavior of vortices in the O(2)
scalar model in 2D and of global monopoles in the O(3) model in 3D. We
construct new numerical techniques, based on cluster decomposition algorithms,
to analyze the point defect configurations. We find that these criteria produce
results for the Kosterlitz-Thouless temperature in agreement with a topological
transition between a polarizable insulator and a conductor, at which free
topological charges appear in the system. For global monopoles we find no pair
unbinding transition. Instead a transition to a dense state where pairs are no
longer distinguishable occurs at T<Tc, without leading to long range disorder.
We produce both extensive numerical evidence of this behavior as well as a
semi-analytic treatment of the partition function for defects. General
expectations for N=D>3 are drawn, based on the observed behavior.Comment: 14 pages, REVTEX, 13 eps figure
Cisternal Organization of the Endoplasmic Reticulum during Mitosis
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of animal cells is a single, dynamic, and continuous membrane network of interconnected cisternae and tubules spread out throughout the cytosol in direct contact with the nuclear envelope. During mitosis, the nuclear envelope undergoes a major rearrangement, as it rapidly partitions its membrane-bound contents into the ER. It is therefore of great interest to determine whether any major transformation in the architecture of the ER also occurs during cell division. We present structural evidence, from rapid, live-cell, three-dimensional imaging with confirmation from high-resolution electron microscopy tomography of samples preserved by high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution, unambiguously showing that from prometaphase to telophase of mammalian cells, most of the ER is organized as extended cisternae, with a very small fraction remaining organized as tubules. In contrast, during interphase, the ER displays the familiar reticular network of convolved cisternae linked to tubules
Z_3 Quantum Criticality in a spin-1/2 chain model
The stability of the magnetization plateau phase of the XXZ spin-1/2
Heisenberg chain with competing interactions is investigated upon switching on
a staggered transverse magnetic field. Within a bosonization approach, it is
shown that the low-energy properties of the model are described by an effective
two-dimensional XY model in a three-fold symmetry-breaking field. A phase
transition in the three-state Potts universality class is expected separating
the plateau phase to a phase where the spins are polarized along the
staggered magnetic field. The Z critical properties of the transition are
determined within the bosonization approach.Comment: 5 pages, revised versio
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