837 research outputs found
Flying with the right principles at hand: An interactive lab to understand the physical origin of lift
A set of simple laboratory experiments aimed to understand the physical origin of lift is presented. The experiments are realized with simple materials and the use of multimedia reference sources (movies, computer simulations,
flow visualizations) is extensively applied in order to put forward otherwise complex fluid dynamical concepts. Emphasis is put in the individuation and correction of
commonly found misconceptions or wrong principles regarding, in particular, the concept of pressure, the role of viscosity, the flow behavior around an airfoil, the
domain of applicability of fluid dynamical principles, the role of flow curvature in attaining lift and the dynamical mechanisms at the basis of flight
Esquistos bituminosos como materia prima alternative en la fabricación de clÃnker de cemento Portland. Reacciones de clinkerización y caracterización del clÃnker
For some time the cement industry has been seeking procedures to effectively lower the higher energy costs involved in cement manufacture. Timahdit oil shale and Jerada coal waste could potentially be used as alternative raw materials to produce clinker. This study explored the possibility of applying those materials to a greener use, based on the reactivity and burnability of raw mixes containing Moroccan oil shale and coal waste. The findings showed that, irrespective of particle size, oil shale mixes delivered higher reactivity than coal waste materials, although reactivity was highest in the oil shale clinker with a particle size 70 %).La industria cementerabusca desde hace algún tiempo procedimientos que reduzcan el alto consumo de energÃa de la producción de cemento. La pizarra bituminosa de Timahdit (BOS) y los desechos de carbón de Jerada (CW) se pueden utilizar potencialmente como materiales alternativos en la fabricación de clinker. Este estudio se enfoca en evaluar esta posibilidad, valorizar dichos materiales y considerar un uso más ecológico para ellos. Exploramos la reactividad y la aptitud a la cocción de mezclas crudas de clÃnker que contienen BOS o CW. La reactividad de los crudos que contienen BOS es mejor que la de los que contienen CW, independientemente de su tamaño de partÃcula, siendo el que contiene BOS con un tamaño de partÃcula 70%
A simple approach to the correlation of rotovibrational states in four-atomic molecules
The problem of correlation between quantum states of four-atomic molecules in
different geometrical configurations is reviewed in detail. A general, still
simple rule is obtained which allows one to correlate states of a linear
four-atomic molecule with those of any kind of non-linear four-atomic molecule.Comment: 16 pages (+8 figures), Postscript (ready to print!
Local-field correction to one- and two-atom van der Waals interactions
Based on macroscopic quantum electrodynamics in linearly and causally
responding media, we study the local-field corrected van der Waals potentials
and forces for unpolarized ground-state atoms placed within a magnetoelectric
medium of arbitrary size and shape. We start from general expressions for the
van der Waals potentials in terms of the (classical) Green tensor of the
electromagnetic field and the atomic polarizability and incorporate the
local-field correction by means of the real-cavity model. In this context,
special emphasis is given to the decomposition of the Green tensor into a
medium part multiplied by a global local-field correction factor and, in the
single-atom case, a part that only depends on the cavity characteristics. The
result is used to derive general formulas for the local-field corrected van der
Waals potentials and forces. As an application, we calculate the van der Waals
potential between two ground-state atoms placed within magnetoelectric bulk
material.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, corrections according to erratu
Simple Applications of q-Bosons
A deformation of the harmonic oscillator algebra associated with the Morse
potential and the SU(2) algebra is derived using the quantum analogue of the
anharmonic oscillator. We use the quantum oscillator algebra or -boson
algebra which is a generalisation of the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra obtained by
introducing a deformation parameter . Further, we present a new algebraic
realization of the -bosons, for the case of being a root of unity, which
corresponds to a periodic structure described by a finite-dimensional
representation. We show that this structure represents the symmetry of a linear
lattice with periodic boundary conditions.Comment: LATEX2e, 10 pages, v2: few misprints corrected, added Journal-re
Nail lacquer films’ surface energies and in vitro water-resistance and adhesion do not predict their in vivo residence
The in vivo residence of nail lacquers (which are ideal topical drug carriers for the treatment of nail diseases) determines their frequency of application, and is thereby expected to influence patient adherence and success of treatment. Thus in vitro measurements to indicate lacquers’ in vivo residence are routinely conducted during formulation development. However the literature on in vitro-in vivo correlations is severely limited. Thus, the aim of the work discussed in this paper was to investigate correlations between in vivo residence and in vitro film resistance to water, in vitro film adhesion and surface energy of lacquer films. In vivo measurements were conducted on fingernails in six volunteers. Seven commercially available nail lacquers were tested in commonly-used measurements. Correlations between in vivo residence and in vitro water resistance and adhesion were found to be extremely poor. The surface energies of the lacquer films (which were between 33 and 39 mJ/m2) were also not predictive of in vivo residence. High density polyethylene (HDPE) sheet – whose surface energy was determined to be similar to that of the human nailplate – was found to be a suitable model for the nailplate (when investigating surface energy) and was used in a number of experiments
Fermi resonance-algebraic model for molecular vibrational spectra
A Fermi resonance-algebraic model is proposed for molecular vibrations, where
a U(2) algebra is used for describing the vibrations of each bond, and Fermi
resonances between stretching and bending modes are taken into account. The
model for a bent molecule XY_2 and a molecule XY_3 is successfully applied to
fit the recently observed vibrational spectrum of the water molecule and arsine
(AsH_3), respectively, and results are compared with those of other models.
Calculations show that algebraic approaches can be used as an effective method
for describing molecular vibrations with small standard deviations
Templeting of Thin Films Induced by Dewetting on Patterned Surfaces
The instability, dynamics and morphological transitions of patterns in thin
liquid films on periodic striped surfaces (consisting of alternating less and
more wettable stripes) are investigated based on 3-D nonlinear simulations that
account for the inter-site hydrodynamic and surface-energetic interactions. The
film breakup is suppressed on some potentially destabilizing nonwettable sites
when their spacing is below a characteristic lengthscale of the instability,
the upper bound for which is close to the spinodal lengthscale. The thin film
pattern replicates the substrate surface energy pattern closely only when, (a)
the periodicity of substrate pattern matches closely with the characteristic
lengthscale, and (b) the stripe-width is within a range bounded by a lower
critical length, below which no heterogeneous rupture occurs, and an upper
transition length above which complex morphological features bearing little
resemblance to the substrate pattern are formed.Comment: 5 pages TeX (REVTeX 4), other comments: submitted to Phys. Rev.Let
Studying colours with a smartphone
We show how a low-cost spectrometer, based on the use of inexpensive diffraction transmission gratings coupled with a smartphone photo camera, can be assembled and employed to obtain quantitative measurements of spectra from different sources. The analysis of spectra emitted by different light sources (incandescent bulb, fluorescent lamp, gas lamps, LEDs) helps students understand the different physical mechanisms which govern the production of light. Measurements of emission and transmission spectra allow students to focus on the differences between additive and subtractive models of colour formation. For this purpose the spectra of RGB colours emitted from an LCD screen and the transmission spectra of CMY pigments of a laser printer have been studied, using our low-cost spectroscope. A sequence of experimental activities was designed, and proposed to undergraduate students and secondary school teachers in order to study the feasibility and educational potential
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