Use of Gel Permeation Chromatography in Studies of Acacia Polyacantha Gum

Fractionation of Acacia polyacantha gums(Kakamut) using a gel permeation column coupled to a multi – detector system comprising light scattering, refractive index and UV detector gave an insight in the molecular mass of the gum molecules. The resultant chromatograms showed a high molecular weight(Mw) fraction associated with much of the protein present in the polymer molecule, a low molecular mass fraction of much lesser amount of protein and low molecular mass proteinaceous fraction. The molar mass distribution pattern produced for A. polyacantha differed from that obtained for A. senegal gum. However the patterns of the two types of gums differed in the proportion of each fraction. Comparison of three A. polyacantha  gum samples revealed that the Layoon soil samples (Layoon forest) showed, a higher Mw fraction (32%) than the  samples of the clay soil (Abugarin and Gargadah) 30% and 20%, respectively. &nbsp

Hill- Piper diagram for drinking water quality in Ingessana area - Blue Nile State, Sudan.

        This study, aims to assess the effect of mineralization on drinking water quality and its visages in Ingessana area, which is located in the southwestern part of the Blue Nile State (Sudan). Forty drinking water samples from various sources in the study area were collected during four seasons, and then analyzed, using atomic absorption spectrometer, Flame photometer, UV spectrophotometer and conventional titration methods. Different computer software's were used to interpret data as Aquachem. The results showed that calcium, and magnesium, were the main predominant cations in the samples, while bicarbonate and chloride were the dominant anions in wet and dry seasons. Calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate are due to the presence of marble, calcite CaCO3, dolomite CaCO3, Mg (CO3), aragonite, gabbros, and schist in under saturated state. Calcium chloride and bicarbonate indicate the presence of dolomite, aragonite, halite (NaCl), magnsite, gypsum and carbonate rocks as an interfere layers in the study area. These minerals occur in the fractured zone in study area. The Hill-Piper result shows that, all groundwater visages in wet seasons are normal earth alkaline and alkaline with prevailing bicarbonate, while in dry season is earth alkaline with increased portion of alkalis in water and the processes that control these visages are ion exchange and simple dissolution or mixing processes. Comparing the results with (WHO) standard, calcium, magnesium and lead are of higher levels than (WHO) drinking water standard. This may be due to mineralization in the study area. There is an impossibility to determine the effect of these augment on native's health, because most of them are medicated by traditional medicines.  As a final result most of drinking water in the area of study needs treatment before use .                                                                                                                                       &nbsp

INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF EPROSARTAN MESYLATE FROM SELF EMULSIFYING SYSTEM AND CYCLODEXTRIN COMPLEX

Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the intestinal membrane transport parameters of eprosartan mesylate (EM) and to investigate self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) and inclusion complexation with hydroxypropyl b cyclodextrin (HPbCD) for enhanced intestinal absorption of eprosartan mesylate. Methods: The intestinal absorption was monitored using the in situ rabbit intestinal perfusion technique. SNEDDS was developed using labrafil, Lauroglycol with a tween in the presence of ethanol. Inclusion complexation was achieved by construction of phase solubility diagram in the presence of HPbCD. The prepared complex was evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results: The drug was found to be poorly absorbed from the jejuno-ileum and the colon with the absorption being mainly through paracellular pathway. An inclusion complex was developed between the drug and HPβCD. Perfusion of the drug in the nanoemulsion formulation or as an inclusion complex resulted in a significant increase in the intestinal absorption of the drug compared with the control.Conclusion: SNEDDS and inclusion complexation are promising strategies for enhanced intestinal absorption of eprosartan mesylate

A Survey of Classification Methods

Classification may refer to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood. There are many types of classification, researchers face a problem to choose a suitable method that give a good classification performance to solve their classification problems. In this paper, we present the basic classification techniques. Several major kinds of classification method including neural network, decision tree, Bayesian networks, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor classifier. The goal of this survey is to provide a comprehensive review of the above different classification techniques

ENHANCEMENT OF DISSOLUTION RATE OF HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE

Objective: The aim of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ).Methods: Binary solid dispersions (SDs) of HCTZ with increasing weight ratios of poloxamer 407, polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) or gelucire 50/13 were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. The solid dispersions were deposited on the surface of aerosil 200 to produce a dry product with large surface area. The SDs were characterized with respect to drug dissolution. The mechanism of dissolution enhancement was researched using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).Results: The unprocessed drug showed erratic, slow dissolution which can be explained on the basis of its hydrophobic nature. Preparation of SDs with hydrophilic carriers resulted in a significant increase in the dissolution rate with most of the drug being liberated in the first 5 min. The dissolution pattern of the drug from the prepared SDs depends mainly on the type of polymer used, and the best dissolution pattern was observed in the SD prepared using 1:1 ratio of the drug to gelucire 50/13 in the presence of aerosil 200 as a carrier. FTIR studies revealed no interaction between the drug and polymers. DSC showed a change in the crystalline structure of the drug after SDs formation. This change can explain the recorded dissolution enhancement.Conclusion: The study presented a system capable of increasing the dissolution rate of HCTZ using polymers which can increase the intestinal permeability as well.Keywords: Hydrochlorothiazide, Poloxamer 407, PEG 6000, Gelucire 50/13, Solid dispersion, Dissolutio

Production and Characterization of Pectic Enzymes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami

إنتاج ودراسة خصائص الإنزيمات البكتينية للبكتيريا Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami   ملخص الدراسة            البكتيريا  Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami ، هي المسبب لمرض تبقع أوراق نبات السمسم. الأنزيمات البكتينية التي تنتج بواسطة العديد من البكتيريا الممــرضة للنبات اتضـح أنها تلعب دوراً هاماً في عمــلية الأمراض. هنالك ثلاث أنواع رئيـسـية من الإنزيمات البكــتينية (بوليجلاكتيورونيز، PG وبوليجلاكتيورونيت ترانس - امنيز، PTE و بكتين ميثايل - اٍستريز، PME). هـدف هذا البحث على دراسة قدرة البكتيريا، X.  campestris pv. sesami  على إنتاج الإنزيمات البكتينية المختلفة. استخدم في هذه الدراسة وسط غذائي من الأملاح مضافاً إليه مواد بكتينية مختلفة كمصدر للكربون. الإنزيمات المنتجة تمت دراسة خصائصها باستخدام اختبارات محددة. أوضحت النتائج أن البكتيريا كانت قادرة إنتاج الإنزيم بوليجلاكتيورونيت ترانس - اٍمنيز ((PTE فقط ولم تنتج الانزيم بكتين ميثايل - اٍستريز، PME)). أشارت النتائج الى أن ملح بولي بكتات الصوديوم وحمض البولي جلاكتيورونيك  هي الأفضل لإنتاج هذا الإنزيم حيث أعطت  9 .26 و 19.8 وحدات لزوجة إنزيمية، على التوالي. . كان أعلى إنتاج للإنزيم في اليوم السادس (9.3 وحدات لزوجة)  ثم انخفض الإنتاج مع زيادة فترة التحضين. اختبار تأثير درجة الأس الهيدروجيني أوضح أن الدرجة المثلى لنشاط  الإنزيم كانت 9.0. أظهرت دراسة اختبار تاثيز ايونات لمعادن مختلفة على نشاط الانزيم أن أيونات الكالسيوم هي التي أعطت اكبر نشاط 12.2  وحدة لزوجة. وعند اختبار تراكيز مختلفة من  ايونات الكالسيوم ووجد ان اعلى نشاط كان على التركيز  50 ملج / مل حيث أعطى 18.0 وحدة لزوجة. توصي الدراسة على اختبار قدرة البكتيريا على انتاج إنزيمات السليولوز وشبه السليولوز والتي لها دور ايضاً في عملية الاٍمراض.       The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami, is the causal organism of the leaf spot disease (Marad eldum) in sesame plants. Pectic enzymes which were reported to be produced by many plant pathogenic bacteria,  were found to play an important role in pathogenesis. There are three main types of pectic enzymes (Polygalacturonase, PG, Polygalacturonate trans-eliminase PTE and Pectin methylesterase PME). The present study was conducted to investigate the capacity of the bacterium X. campestris pv. sesami,  to produce the different types of pectic enzymes. A salt medium supplemented with different pectic materials as carbon sources were tested for the production of the enzymes. The produced enzymes were characterized using different selective tests, both the viscosity and reducing group methods were used to measure the enzyme activity. The results showed that no pectin methylestrease (PME) was produced and only the Polygalacturonase trans-eliminase (PTE) was produced by the bacterium. Sodium polypectate and polygalacturonic acid were found as the best substrates giving 26.9 and 19.8 viscosity enzyme units, respectively. The enzyme activity was maximum at the 6th day (9.3 viscosity units), then the activity was decreasing with further incubation time. The test of the effect of the pH indicated that the  pH optimum of the enzyme activity was at pH 9.0. The effects of different metallic ions to the enzyme activity showed that,= a higher activity was found with Ca++ which gave 12.2 viscosity    units. When different concentrations of Ca++ were tested, the maximum activity of the enzyme was found at 50 mg/ ml concentration, which gave 18.0 viscosity units. It could be recommended that the tested bacterium should be investigated for the production of the cellulases and hemi-cellulases which also have a role in the pathogenesis process

Snake Bite in Gezira Revision of 63 Envenomed Child

   Sixty three patients admitted to the Gezira National Center of Pediatric Surgery with snake bite were analyzed. All patients were envenomed and the snake was positively identified. In 39 patients (61.9%) the offending snake was (washash) (Echis carinatus) and in 24 patients (38.1%) (Abdafan) (atractaspis microlepidata) was identified. All patients were from rural Gezira where children are actively involved in agriculture and harvesting. The median age group was 9.3 years. Females were equally involved as males. The mean time elapsed since the bite was 56 hours. Quicker arrival at hospital was seen in severe envenomation. Fifty patients had already received native remedies which was observed to increase the local wound complications. Most bites (79%) occurred in the leg .The majority of the bites occurs in the early rainy summer months. All patients presented initially with progressive painful swelling. Local necrosis was observed in seventeen patients (26.9%).  Fourteen patients (22.2%) developed compartment syndrome and three patients (4.76%) developed fingertip gangrene. one patient (1.6%) developed extensive bilateral common iliac vein thrombosis. DIC developed in 21 patients (33.3%). Two patients (3.2%) of theses developed intracranial haemorrhage. Four patients (6.3%) with local necrosis presented few month later with extensive chronic osteomyelitis.Treatment options included cardiovascular support, local wound debridement, fasciotomy and minor amputation. Patients with DIC were managed with fresh frozen plasma, blood transfusion and heparin. Antivenin was not administered to our patients. All patients eventually recovered except one child (1.6%) who succumbed of massive intracerebral haemorrhage. ملخص:  تم تحليل البيانات لثلاث وستين طفلا تم تنويمهم بمركز الجزيرة القومي لجراحة الأطفال في الفترة من مارس 2001م الي ابريل2010م  بعد أن شخصت حالتهم بلدغة ثعبان سام. في كل المرضى تم التعرف على الثعبان, في 39 مريض كان الثعبان اللادغ من نوع و شاش(echis carinatus)  وفي 24 أبو دفان (atractaspis   (micolepidata كل المرضي كانوا أطفالا من أرياف الجزيرة وجميعهم يعمل في الزراعة والحصاد. بلغ متوسط العمر لديهم 9.3 سنة. كانت الإصابة متساوية لدي الذكور والإناث, متوسط الوقت المنصرم منذ اللدغة بالثعبان وحتى ألمجي للمستشفي  كانت 56 ساعة ,لوحظ إن ألمجي الباكر للمستشفي يكون في حالات التسمم الوخيم . المعالجة لهؤلاء المرضي تضمنت مساعدة الجهاز الدوري وانضار الجرح الموضعي و بضع اللفافة وإجراء البتر البسيط ,المرضي اللذين عانوا من التخثر المنتشر داخل الأوعية الدموية تمت معالجتهم بحقن المصورة المتجمدة الطازجة ونقل الدم الطازج واعطا الهبارين. لم يتم استخدام الترياق في أي من المرضي. كل المرضي تماثلوا للشفاء إلا مريضا واحدا توفي بسبب نزف جسيم داخل القحف.   &nbsp

Association Between Lipid Profile and Glyceamic Control in Sudanese Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus at Gezira State, Sudan

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Objectives This study aimed to assess the metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Sudanese children. Methods: One hundred and seventy four children with type 1 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this study; 56 healthy non-diabetic children served as a control group. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL), and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were calculated. Results: HbA1c,TC, LDL-C LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and TG were significantly higher among diabetic group compared to non-diabetic group (P<0.001 and P<0.05 for TG).In the diabetic group, there was a positive significant correlation of: HbA1c with TC, TG, HDL- C, LDL-C, VLDL and LDL/HDL ratio; TC with TG, HDL- C, LDL-C, VLDL and LDL/HDL; TG with LDL- C, VLDL and LDL/HDL ratio; HDL-C with LDL-C;LDL-C with VLDL and LDL/ HDL;VLDL-C with LDL/HDL ratio. A significant negative correlation was observed between HDL- C and LDL/HDL ratio. Diabetic group with poor metabolic control (HbA1c level >8).had significantly higher levels of TC and LDL-C (P<0.001),TG and VLDL (P<0.01), HDL-C and LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio (P<0.05) compared with diabetic group with good metabolic control (HbA1c <8%). Conclusion: 85.63% of diabetic patients were found to have poor metabolic control (HbA1c level >8). يوصف مرض السكري بأنه من المسببات المرضية المتعددة التي تتميز بفرط  سكر الدم المزمن واضطراب في التمثيل الغذائي ( اضطرابات من الكربوهيدرات والدهون واستقلاب البروتين) الناتج عن نقص في إفراز الأنسولين، عمل الانسولين أو كليهما.هدفت هذه الدراسة لاستخدام التقييم الكيموحيوي لمعرفة مدي التحكم لضبط السكر عند مرضي السكري النوع الاول. إشتملت هذه الدراسه علي 174طفل مصابين مرض السكري و56 أصحاء من نفس العمر.تضمنت هذه الدراسة  القياسات الكيموحيويه الأتيه: خضاب الدم المسكر، الكوليستيرول ، ثلاثي أسيل الجليسرول و الكوليستيرول المرتبط  بالبروتينات الشحميه منخفضة وعاليه الكثافة والبروتينات الشحميه المنخفضة جدا ونسبة البروتينات الشحميه منخفضة الكثافة الي البروتينات الشحميه عالية الكثافة. وجد أن تركيز كل من خضاب الدم المسكر، الكوليستيرول ، الكوليستيرول المرتبط  بالبروتينات الشحميه منخفضة الكثافة ونسبة البروتينات الشحميه منخفضة الكثافة الي البروتينات الشحميه عالية الكثافة وثلاثي أسيل الجليسرول يرتفع إرتفاعا ذا معني عند مجموعة مرضي السكري.مستوي خضاب الدم المسكر يرتبط إرتباطا موجبا ذا معني مع كل من الكوليستيرول ، ثلاثي أسيل الجليسرول والبروتينات الشحميه عالية ومنخفضة الكثافة والبروتينات الشحميه المنخفضة جدا ونسبة البروتينات الشحميه منخفضة الكثافة الي البروتينات الشحميه عالية الكثافة، الكوليستيرول مع كل من ثلاثي أسيل الجليسرول والبروتينات الشحميه عالية و منخفضة الكثافة والبروتينات الشحميه المنخفضة جدا ونسبة البروتينات الشحميه منخفضة الكثافة الي البروتينات الشحميه عالية الكثافة ، يرتبط ثلاثي أسيل الجليسرول مع كل من البروتينات الشحميه منخفضة الكثافة والبروتينات الشحميه المنخفضة جدا ونسبة البروتينات الشحميه منخفضة الكثافة الي البروتينات الشحميه عالية الكثافة . كما أن  مستوي البروتينات الشحميه عالية الكثافة يرتبط إرتباطا ذا معني مع نسبة البروتينات الشحميه منخفضة الكثافة الي البروتينات الشحميه عالية الكثافة.طبقا لتقسيم مجموعة الدارسين لمرض السكري العالميه الأمريكيه أظهرت هذه الدراسه أن نسبة (85.63)  من المرضي يبلغ معدل خضاب الدم المسكر عندهم أكثر من  8% (ضبط غير مقبول) بينما  (%14.37) يبلغ معدل خضاب الدم المسكر عندهم أقل من  8% (ضبط مقبول).  وجدت هذه الدراسة ان مرضي السكري والذين لديهم ضبط غير مقبول لخضاب الدم المسكر ترتفع عندهم مستويات الكوليستيرول ، ثلاثي أسيل الجليسرول و الكوليستيرول المرتبط  بالبروتينات الشحميه منخفضة وعاليه الكثافة والبروتينات الشحميه المنخفضة جدا ونسبة البروتينات الشحميه منخفضة الكثافة الي البروتينات الشحميه عالية الكثافة ارتفاعا ذا معني مقارنة مرضي السكري والذين لديهم ضبط مقبول لخضاب الدم المسكر

Applications of discrete wavelet transform for feature extraction to increase the accuracy of monitoring systems of liquid petroleum products

This paper presents a methodology to monitor the liquid petroleum products which pass through transmission pipes. A simulation setup consisting of an X-ray tube, a detector, and a pipe was established using a Monte Carlo n-particle X-version transport code to investigate a two-by-two mixture of four different petroleum products, namely, ethylene glycol, crude oil, gasoline, and gasoil, in deferent volumetric ratios. After collecting the signals of each simulation, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was applied as the feature extraction system. Then, the statistical feature, named the standard deviation, was calculated from the approximation of the fifth level, and the details of the second to fifth level provide appropriate inputs for neural network training. Three multilayer perceptron neural networks were utilized to predict the volume ratio of three types of petroleum products, and the volume ratio of the fourth product could easily be obtained from the results of the three presented networks. Finally, a root mean square error of less than 1.77 was obtained in predicting the volume ratio, which was much more accurate than in previous research. This high accuracy was due to the use of DWT for feature extraction