Obesity treatment - overview of pharmacological and surgical methods

Introduction and purpose of the work: Obesity is a chronic disease that leads to many complications. Almost a third of the world's population is now classified as overweight or obese. This is a huge global problem. The base of treatment is diet and physical activity, but fortunately nowadays we also have pharmacological and surgical treatment - which are increasingly used. The aim of this study is to draw attention to obesity disease which may lead to serious complications and compare available pharmacological and surgical treatment. State of knowledge (brief description): Treating obesity is a difficult and often multidisciplinary challenge. Currently many drugs with different mechanisms and different efficiencies has been approved for treatment. All of them show efficiency, but the available studies show that surgical treatment produces better results than pharmacological treatment.  Summary: We currently have a huge range of obesity treatment options available. Surgical treatment produces better results than pharmacological treatment. Nevertheless, not every patient qualifies for bariatric surgery. Pharmacological methods are also effective. The treatment method should be individually selected for the patient

Causes of hoarseness - systematic review

Introduction and purpose of the work: Hoarseness is a symptom of a disease characterized by a hoarse, tense or hoarse voice resulting from disturbance of the vibration of the vocal folds. It is a common symptom of the disease in patients during medical consultations in primary health care, and the causes of its occurrence can be varied. State of knowledge (brief description): Treating hoarseness depends on what causes it. For this reason, during the diagnosis, various causes that may be the cause of hoarseness should be taken into account, such as infections, structural changes caused by the use of the voice organ, psychogenic causes, autoimmune diseases, systemic diseases or neoplastic diseases. Summary: In-depth diagnosis and an interdisciplinary approach are necessary to identify the cause of chronic hoarseness and initiate effective treatment

Oral microbial dysbiosis in cardiovascular diseases

The most common diseases in humans are oral infections. Although modern research is mainly concerned with the role of the gut microbiota in systemic diseases, there are also reports indicating that oral infections, and especially periodontal infection, are one of the risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD).The composition of the oral biofilm is a community of several hundred species of bacteria, fungi, spirochetes, viruses and protozoa. It varies depending on the state of health and disease. Pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity can cause systemic disease by entering the bloodstream or by triggering immune responses at the cellular level. The discovery of the role of the oral microbiome in CVD is leading to new methods of prevention and their treatment.  In this review, we discuss  the various mechanisms by which oral dysbiosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of CVD as well as available options for their prevention and treatment. Oral dysbiosis, or the imbalance of bacteria in the oral cavity, has been linked to an increased risk of CVD. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how oral dysbiosis may contribute to CVD, including: The production of inflammatory molecules by oral bacteria. The activation of the immune system, which can lead to inflammation throughout the body. The entry of oral bacteria into the bloodstream, where they can travel to other organs and tissues. There are a number of things that can be done to prevent oral dysbiosis and reduce the risk of CVD, including: Good oral hygiene, such as brushing and flossing twice a day. Regular dental checkups and cleanings. Avoiding tobacco use. Eating a healthy diet. Conclusions. The evidence is growing that oral dysbiosis is a risk factor for CVD. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms involved and to develop effective interventions for prevention and treatment. The following are some other important points: The role of oral dysbiosis in CVD is likely to be complex and involve multiple factors. The effects of oral dysbiosis on CVD may vary depending on the individual's overall health status and other risk factors. More research is needed to determine the optimal methods for preventing and treating oral dysbiosis in order to reduce the risk of CVD

Intestinal dysbiosis in heart failure - modulation of dysbiosis as a potential therapeutic target

The last decade has provided extensive information on the human gut microbiota. The microorganisms populating the gastrointestinal tract play important roles in maintaining the body's homeostasis. It turns out that the intestinal microbiota can affect many diseases from various branches of medicine. The importance of the function of the microflora can also affect cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart failure (HF). The microflora influences among other things, nutrient digestion, vitamin production or the production of bioactive metabolites including trimethylamine/trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids and bile acids. Therefore, changes in the composition of the intestinal microflora, defined as dysbiosis, have become one of the key pathogenic factors in many diseases. There is emerging evidence of a strong correlation between gut microflora and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. In patients with cardiovascular disease and corresponding risk factors, the composition and proportions of the intestinal microflora differed significantly from healthy subjects. Differences in microbial composition and marked fluctuations in the levels of biomarkers such as TMAO, zonulin, LPS, SCFAs may become helpful in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. For this reason, the intestinal microflora and its metabolic pathways have recently become the subject of numerous studies. A very important issue is the fact that it is possible to regulate the intestinal microflora through diet, the use of prebiotics, probiotics or influence through a much larger intervention - for example, fecal mass transplantation. These possibilities have become new strategies in the treatment of HF. The main purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies that illustrate the complex interactions between the microbiome and the occurrence of HF. Conclusions. The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that live in the human gut. The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining the body's health, including the cardiovascular system. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, has been linked to the development of heart failure. Gut microbiota metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bile acids, can have harmful effects on the heart. Diet, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are all potential interventions for improving gut microbiota and reducing the risk of heart failure. More research is needed to fully understand the role of gut microbiota in heart failure and to develop effective treatment strategies

A clinical case of a 21-year-old patient with idiopathic acute exudative pericarditis

act Pericarditis is a disease entity associated with the primary or secondary inflammation of its layers, which may be accompanied by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, the consequences of which depend mainly on the speed of its accumulation. The causes of pericardial diseases can be divided into infectious or non-infectious diseases, but in about 30% of cases the etiology of the disease cannot be determined. Pericarditis causes 5% of all emergency department visits related to non-ischemic chest pain. In the study we presented a case of a 21-year-old Caucasian male with acute exudative pericarditis, which required drainage of the pericardial sac despite the use of pharmacological treatment. The patient underwent a wide range of diagnostic tests and specialist consultations, but ultimately the etiological factor of acute exudative pericarditis could not have been identified. The therapy of acute exudative pericarditis, especially in the case of undetermined etiology, requires an individualized approach from the attending physician. Based on the observation of inflammatory parameters, imaging tests and clinical picture, the physician is to decide whether pericardiocentesis or modification of pharmacological treatment is necessary. Searching for the etiological factor is essential if it has an impact on the successive methods of diagnosis and treatment, especially in patients with recurrent idiopathic pericarditis or in the absence of a response to the therapy

The impact of influenza on elderly patients

Background: Influenza is a disease affecting the human respiratory system. A common problem is to confuse colds with influenza, which results in problems with vaccination and complications related to influenza. Particular attention should be paid to the treatment of influenza, as it is a serious health risk if not treated in the elderly. Research conducted by scientists from Taiwan shows that currently the best way to protect against influenza is preventive vaccination. In addition to vaccination, antiviral drugs (Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Amantadine, Rimantadine), antipyretics (aspirin, paracetamol) are used. Attention is paid to natural methods (ginseng extract, root lichen extract) and supplements (vitamin C, zinc). Material and Methods: This article is based on a review of the current state of knowledge on influenza in the elderly. The most up-to-date literature with EBSCO, Google Scholar and PubMed has been reviewed. Key words such as influenza, influenza complications, vaccinations, influenza treatment. Results: In the context of the above topics, particular attention is paid to the elderly, in whom a low level of immunity predisposes to getting sick. An increase in the incidence of disease causes an increase in the mortality of older people. Complications following the occurrence of influenza are closely related to the type of virus, where the influenza A virus classified as the heaviest in the course. It has been proven that the bird influenza virus is also a threat to humans. The classic symptoms of influenza are cough, fever, while complications associated with untreated influenza are primarily myocarditis or pneumonia. Conclusion: Due to the decline in immunity, older people are particularly at risk of influenza virus. Scientists have demonstrated the high effectiveness of protective vaccination, but one should remember to repeat them every year. Vaccinations in the elderly have reduced effectiveness, which is why antiviral therapies, natural methods and supplements are used. In the rational treatment of influenza, it is noted that natural methods and supplements are an addition to classic antiviral therapy

A person with diabetes as a patient - basic rules of conduct

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is very widespread disease. More and more patients suffer from hyperglycaemia and low levels of insulin because of obesity, aging and wrong diet. The most important in treatment based on health condition is to normalize glucose level. It is recommended to treat patients to avoid many complications of hyperglycaemia, e.g. cardiovascular diseases, stroke episodes, neuropathy or nephropathy. The most common cause of death are cardiovascular problems and renal failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A proper review of published literature provide to define laboratory indexes, risk factors, complications to precise methods of treatment among patients with diabetes. RESULTS: The problem of growing number of people suffering from diabetes is an important issue to find solutions to conduct their treatment. Basic method is a change of diet and body loss. The most important medicament in treatment is metformin. To achieve the best results of conducting therapy should be extended by pioglitazone or liraglutide. Also addition of aspirin lower dyslipidemia problems. Such a combination provides to minimise side effects of sickness. CONCLUSIONS: Number of people suffering from DM is still and will be growing over the next years. It is significant to diagnose these people because untreated diabetes provides to many complications e.g. stroke or acute coronary syndrome. It is important to examine patients correctly what allows to turn on correct treatment. Basic standards in treatment should contain lower glucose levels, avoid complications to enhance life quality. . Expanded therapy is also concentrated on hypertension, acidosis and ketoacidosis coma to obtain beneficial effects

Laboratory tests in geriatric patients - an overview of the latest reports

Laboratory tests are extremely important in patient’s monitoring and/or diagnosing. We described those that are particularly significant for elderly patients, namely: peripheral blood morphology, arterial blood gasometry, cancer markers. The aim of this article is to summarize current knowledge about laboratory tests important in geriatrics, as well as draw attention to the diverse use of laboratory tests in clinical practise

ERAS protocol in the treatment of older people

Prylińska Monika, Husejko Jakub, Skierkowska Natalia, Bieniek Daria, Rupniak Iga, Wycech Alicja, Gaborek Patryk, Osiak Joanna, Rozmarynowicz Ewa, Gajos Małgorzata, Topka Weronika, Kudanowska Agnieszka ,Kędziora - Kornatowska Kornelia. ERAS protocol in the treatment of older people. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(3):279-289. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2596527 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6701 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/907885 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.02.2019. Revised: 15.02.2019. Accepted: 17.03.2019. ERAS protocol in the treatment of older people Monika Prylińska2, Jakub Husejko1, Natalia Skierkowska1, Daria Bieniek1, Iga Rupniak1, Alicja Wycech1, Patryk Gaborek1, Joanna Osiak1, Ewa Rozmarynowicz1, Małgorzata Gajos1, Weronika Topka1, Agnieszka Kudanowska1, Kornelia Kędziora - Kornatowska1 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz 2. Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, Bydgoszcz, Poland Abstract Background: The guidelines for elderly recommend nutritional assessment in order to prevent malnutrition and make fast recovery after operation and mobilization possible. The ERAS protocol shortens the length of hospital stay and reduces the complication rate. Material and methods: A systematic review of published literature has been done for the factors reported to predict outcomes of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) among the elderly patients. Results: The improvement of treatment effects must be supported by a multidisciplinary medical team involved in the whole process with holistic approach which reduces time of regeneration and cost of health care Conclusions: ERAS protocol implementation is highly beneficial for operated patients due to faster recovery and strong psychological support by providing information concerning the perioperative period and reducing stress caused by the surgery. However, must be supported by a team of professional medical staff. Key words: enhanced recovery after surgery, perioperative care, older peopl

The Role of Selected Epigenetic Pathways in Cardiovascular Diseases as a Potential Therapeutic Target

Epigenetics is a rapidly developing science that has gained a lot of interest in recent years due to the correlation between characteristic epigenetic marks and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Epigenetic modifications contribute to a change in gene expression while maintaining the DNA sequence. The analysis of these modifications provides a thorough insight into the cardiovascular system from its development to its further functioning. Epigenetics is strongly influenced by environmental factors, including known cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and low physical activity. Similarly, conditions affecting the local microenvironment of cells, such as chronic inflammation, worsen the prognosis in cardiovascular diseases and additionally induce further epigenetic modifications leading to the consolidation of unfavorable cardiovascular changes. A deeper understanding of epigenetics may provide an answer to the continuing strong clinical impact of cardiovascular diseases by improving diagnostic capabilities, personalized medical approaches and the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. The aim of the study was to present selected epigenetic pathways, their significance in cardiovascular diseases, and their potential as a therapeutic target in specific medical conditions