20 research outputs found
Nanostructured Thermoelectric Chalcogenides
Thermoelectric materials are outstanding to transform temperature differences directly and reversibly into electrical voltage. Exploiting waste heat recovery as a source of power generation could help towards energy sustainability. Recently, the SnSe semiconductor was identified, in single-crystal form, as a mid-temperature thermoelectric material with record high figure of merit, high power factor and surprisingly low thermal conductivity. We describe the preparation of polycrystals of alloys of SnSe obtained by arc-melting; a rapid synthesis that results in strongly nanostructured samples with low thermal conductivity, advantageous for thermoelectricity, approaching the amorphous limit, around 0.3–0.5 W/mK. An initial screening of novel samples Sn1−xMxSe, by alloying with 3d and 4d transition metals such as M = Mn, Y, Ag, Mo, Cd or Au, provides for a means to optimize the power factor. M=Mo, Ag, with excellent values, are described in detail with characterization by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electronic and thermal transport measurements. Rietveld analysis of XRD data demonstrates near-perfect stoichiometries of the above-mentioned alloys. SEM analysis shows stacking of nanosized sheets, with large surfaces parallel to layered slabs. An apparatus was developed for the simultaneous measurement of the Seebeck coefficient and electric conductivity at elevated temperatures
Structural evolution, optical gap and thermoelectric properties of CH3NH3SnBr3 hybrid perovskite, prepared by mechanochemistry
Direct bandgap semiconductors of the hybrid-perovskite family CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br, Cl) exhibit outstanding light absorption properties and are the materials of choice for solar energy applications. As an alternative to poisonous Pb, tin-containing perovskites would show a lower effective mass thus exhibiting a higher charge carrier mobility. An auspicious candidate is CH3NH3SnBr3, with an estimated band gap of 1.902 eV, anticipating applications in photovoltaic devices for the visible to ultra-violet wavelength region. We describe that this perovskite can be prepared by ball milling in a straightforward way, yielding specimens with a superior crystallinity. A structural investigation from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXRD) data was essential to revisit the successive phase transitions this compound experiences down to 120 K, guided by specific heat capacity and DSC measurements. From the cubic structure identified at RT and 270 K, there is a gradual evolution of the patterns, analysed as a phase admixture between the cubic and the low-symmetry phase present at 160 K. This corresponds to an orthorhombic Pmc21 superstructure; this acentric space group enables polarization along the c-axis where there is a twofold screw axis, evidenced in the distribution of Sn-Br distances. Furthermore, there are two conspicuous changes in the orthorhombic framework, yet keeping the Pmc21 space group, which agree with the main calorimetric events (observed at 224 and 147 K). We interpret these changes as an interplay between the tilting of the SnBr6 octahedra of the inorganic framework and the breaking and reconstruction of H-bond interactions with the organic CH3NH+3 unit. The stereochemical effect of the lone electron pair of the Sn2+ ion is clear in the SnBr6 octahedral distortion. Diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy yields an optical gap of ∼2.1 eV, in agreement with ab- initio calculations. A Seebeck coefficient of ∼2000 μV K-1 is determined near RT, which is one order of magnitude higher than those reported for other halide perovskites.Fil: Lopez, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientÃficas y Técnicas. Centro CientÃfico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Investigaciones en TecnologÃa QuÃmica. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de QuÃmica, BioquÃmica y Farmacia. Instituto de Investigaciones en TecnologÃa QuÃmica; Argentina. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; EspañaFil: Abia, Carmen. Institut Laue Langevin; Francia. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; EspañaFil: Gainza, Javier. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; EspañaFil: Kayser, Paula. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; EspañaFil: Nemes, Norbert. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; EspañaFil: Dura, Oscar J.. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; EspañaFil: Martinez, Jose L.. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; EspañaFil: Fernandez Diaz, Maria Teresa. Institut Laue Langevin; FranciaFil: Alvarez Galvan, M. Consuelo. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÃficas; EspañaFil: Alonso, José Antonio. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; Españ
Nanostructured State-of-the-Art Thermoelectric Materials Prepared by Straight-Forward Arc-Melting Method
Thermoelectric materials constitute an alternative to harvest sustainable energy from waste heat. Among the most commonly utilized thermoelectric materials, we can mention Bi2Te3 (hole and electron conductivity type), PbTe and recently reported SnSe intermetallic alloys. We review recent results showing that all of them can be readily prepared in nanostructured form by arc-melting synthesis, yielding mechanically robust pellets of highly oriented polycrystals. These materials have been characterized by neutron powder diffraction (NPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electronic and thermal transport measurements. Analysis of NPD patterns demonstrates near-perfect stoichiometry of above-mentioned alloys and fair amount of anharmonicity of chemical bonds. SEM analysis shows stacking of nanosized sheets, each of them presumably single-crystalline, with large surfaces parallel to layered slabs. This nanostructuration affects notably thermoelectric properties, involving many surface boundaries (interfaces), which are responsible for large phonon scattering factors, yielding low thermal conductivity. Additionally, we describe homemade apparatus developed for the simultaneous measurement of Seebeck coefficient and electric conductivity at elevated temperatures
Efecto de la adición de carburo de boro en la microestructura y propiedades del Ca3Co4O9
Resumen del trabajo presentado al XVI Congreso Nacional de Materiales, celebrado en Ciudad Real del 28 de junio al 1 de julio de 2022.N
Efecto de las condiciones de procesado en la microestructura y propiedades del Ca3Co4O9
Resumen del trabajo presentado al XVI Congreso Nacional de Materiales, celebrado en Ciudad Real del 28 de junio al 1 de julio de 2022.N
Evaluation of pressure and temperature effect on the structure and properties of Ca2.93Sr0.07Co4O9 ceramic materials
In this work, the effect of hot-pressing conditions on the performances of Sr-doped Ca3Co4O9 materials has been investigated. The samples were prepared from attrition milled precursors, which reduced the processing time. Samples were hot-pressed at temperatures (T) between 800 and 900 °C and pressures (P) from 51 to 71 MPa. The out-of-plane X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that all samples are formed by the thermoelectric phase, with a good grain orientation which is improved with T, and P, as demonstrated by their Lotgering factor. The observations through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) have revealed that grain sizes and orientation are enhanced with T, and P, as well as density through Archimedes's method. All these trends are reflected in the flexural strength and microhardness. The electrical resistivity is lower when the T, or P, is increased, reaching 6.4 mΩ cm for samples processed at 900 °C and 71 MPa, which is about the best reported values in the literature. On the other hand, contrarily to the expected results, they also showed the highest S values, 182 μV/K, which are similar to the best reported values for highly dense textured materials. Thermal conductivity values do not follow a regular evolution with the hot-pressing conditions, probably due to internal stresses, reaching the lowest values at 800 °C in samples processed at 800 °C and 51 MPa (1.51 W/(K*m)) or 900 °C and 61 MPa (1.53 W/(K*m)). Consequently, the highest ZT values have been determined in samples processed at 900 °C and 61 MPa (0.35) which is higher than the best reported values in literature for bulk textured samples, to the best of our knowledge.The authors wish to thank the Spanish MINECO-FEDER project (MAT2017-82183-C3-1-R) and the Aragón Government (Research Group T54-20R), for their financial support. The Regional Development Agency of the Basque Country (SPRI) is acknowledged for the economic support through the Programa ELKARTEK (KK-2020/00113, HARVESTGEN research project). The use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación-SAI, Universidad de Zaragoza is also acknowledged.Peer reviewe
Influence of ceramic particles additions on the properties of Ca3Co4O9
Ca3Co4O9 + x wt% B4C, AlN, TiC, TiB2, or TiN (x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) samples were prepared by the conventional solid-state route. In all samples, only the Ca3Co4O9 phase was identified by powder XRD. Nevertheless, microstructural studies have shown that most of the additives have reacted with air and Ca3Co4O9 phase on their surfaces, producing new phases. Moreover, it seemed that grain sizes were, at least, slightly reduced. On the other hand, while nearly no modification of the Seebeck coefficient has been observed, independently of the added compound and proportion, electrical resistivity decreased in all cases, when compared to the pristine sample. Consequently, the power factor of samples with additions was higher than the one determined for the pure sample. Linear thermal expansion also decreased with these additives, pointing out to the formation of relatively strong grain boundaries which can improve the carrier mobility and decrease the thermal expansion. The lowest thermal expansion value has been measured in 0.25 wt% B4C samples, being only around 20% higher than that of Al2O3, which can help to reduce the differential thermal expansion in thermoelectric modules working at high temperatures; these results may be very interesting for applications prospects.This study was funded by MINECO-FEDER (MAT2017-82183-C3-1-R) and Gobierno de Aragón-FEDER (T54-20R).Peer reviewe
Assessment of the laser floating zone processing of thermoelectric CuFe1–xNixO2 delafossites and their magnetic characterisation
This work assesses the feasibility of processing CuFe1-xNixO2 (x = 0, 0.02) using the Laser Floating Zone (LFZ) technique to grow fibres with different pulling rates, to tune their thermoelectric performance. Structural analysis showed CuFeO2 as the major phase. Formation of secondary phases is promoted by Ni addition, diminishing with decreasing pulling rate. Grain alignment and crystallite size of the fibres increase with the puling rate and doping. Electrical conductivity is enhanced by decreasing the pulling rate, while Ni-doping decreases the conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient demonstrates quite complex behaviour. Thermal conductivity decreases with temperature and with the pulling rate and Ni-doping. A maximum ZT value of 0.17 was achieved for 10 mm h-1 sample at 1000 K for pure, and 700 K for Ni-doped samples. These ZT values are higher than found in the literature, demonstrating the feasibility of the LFZ method for processing thermoelectric delafossites, indicating a proper optimisation process.This work was developed within the scope of the project i3N (LA/P/0037/2020 & UIDB/50025/2020 & UIDP/50025/2020) and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDB/50011/2020 & UIDP/50011/2020), financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC and when appropriate co-financed by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement. This work was funded by national funds (OE), through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. M. A. Madre and A. Sotelo acknowledge the Spanish MINECO-FEDER (Project MAT2017–82183-C3–1-R) and Gobierno de Aragón-FEDER (Research Group T 54–20R) for funding. The support of the project POCI-01–0145-FEDER-031875, financed by COMPETE 2020 Program and National Funds through the FCT/MEC and when applicable co-financed by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement, is greatly acknowledged.Peer reviewe
Multiscale length structural investigation and thermoelectric performance of double-filled Sr_0.2Yb_0.2Co_4Sb_12 : an exceptional thermal conductivity reduction by filler segregation to the Grain boundaries
RYC2021-033518-IAmong thermoelectric materials, skutterudites are the most prominent candidates in the mid-temperature range applications. In the multiple-filled Sr0.2Yb0.2Co4Sb12 skutterudite, with Sr and Yb as fillers, we have enhanced the thermoelectric performance of CoSb3 through the reduction of lattice thermal conductivity and the optimization of carrier concentration and electrical conductivity. The high-pressure synthesis of the double-filled derivative promotes filling fraction fluctuation. This is observed by high angular resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction, showing a phase segregation that corresponds to an inhomogeneous distribution of the filler atoms, located at the 2a positions of the cubic space group Im3. In addition, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with EELS spectroscopy clearly shows a segregation of Sr atoms from the surface of the grains, which is compatible with the synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction results. Mean square displacement parameters analysis results in Einstein temperatures of similar to 94 and similar to 67 K for Sr and Yb, respectively, and a Debye temperature of similar to 250 K. The strong effect on resonant and disorder scattering yields a significantly lower lattice thermal conductivity of 2.5 W m(-1) K-1 at 773 K. Still, good weighed-mobility values were obtained, with high filling fraction of the Yb and Sr elements. This drives a reduced electrical resistivity of 2.1 x 10(-5) Omega m, which leads to a peak zT of 0.26 at 773 K. The analysis and results performed for the synthesized (Sr,Yb)-double filled CoSb3, shed light on skutterudites for potential waste-heat recovery applications.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)European CommissionAgencia Estatal deInvestigación (España)Depto. de FÃsica de MaterialesFac. de Ciencias FÃsicasInstituto Pluridisciplinar (IP)TRUEpu
SnSe: Kx intermetallic thermoelectric polycrystals prepared by arc-melting
CRUE-CSIC (Acuerdos Transformativos 2022)Neutron powder diffraction and thermoelectric characterization of SnSe:Kx intermetallic alloys are presented. Nanostructured ingots were prepared by arc-melting elemental tin and selenium along with potassium hydride. Up to x = 0.1 of K can be incorporated into SnSe. Rietveld refinement of the diffractograms locates potassium on the Sn site in the high-temperature Cmcm structure. However, in the low-temperature Pnma structure, K cannot be localized by difference Fourier maps, indicating the incorporation of K in a disordered form in the interlayer space. STEM-EELS indicates the incorporation of K into the SnSe grains. The resistivity upon K-doping at intermediate temperatures decreases by 1–2 orders of magnitude, but at high temperature is higher than the undoped SnSe. The Seebeck coefficient of K-doped SnSe remains p-type and almost temperature independent (400 μV/K for x = 0.1). The ultralow thermal conductivity of undoped SnSe decreases further upon K-doping to below 0.3 W/m K.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Depto. de FÃsica de MaterialesFac. de Ciencias FÃsicasTRUEpu